The New Nation’s Relations with Native Americans 1 1. Why did William Apess think that whites were responsible for the way his grandparents treated him? 2. What name did William Apess think his people should be called? 2 Before and after the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) 3 Proclamation of 1763 -No colonists wests of the Appalachians -Only authorized traders in Indian territory -Land sales must be approved by British superintendents Source: National Atlas of the United States of America (1970). 4 Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) Portrait by George Romney, 1776. National Gallery of Canada 5 Standards of international law – 18c. • Right of discovery • Right of conquest • Treaties between sovereign nations – Indians treated as inferior 6 Geographic expansion • Republican theorists: political independence depends upon land ownership 7 Northwest Ordinance 1787 8 Northwest Indian Wars (1785-1795) ‘Western confederacy’ Treaty of Greenville (1795) 9 Indian Land Cessions http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/us/indian_land_cessions.htm 10 Alexander McGillivray Scottish father, Creek mother Became officer of British army during the Revolution Wealthy trader and influential Creek leader Florida Historical Society 11 U.S. Constitution (1787): Congress had exclusive right to negotiate treaties with Native Americans Treaty of New York (1790): U.S. promised to protect Creeks from Georgia settlers Shift from ‘right of conquest’ to treaties 12 ‘Civilization’ policy Agricultural tools and livestock were distributed to Indians who settled on farms. 13 Trade and Intercourse Acts (17901802) • Set up government trading posts • Specified punishment for whites who encroached on Indian land or committed crimes • Regulated sale of Indian land • Authorized gifts: tools, farm animals, spinning wheels, etc. – > role of ‘agents’ 14 Thomas Jefferson (President, 1801-1809) Ideal of the agrarian republic Goal of civilizing the Indians --Farming --Gender roles 15 Louisiana Purchase (1803) 16