Outcomes of this lesson
• Outcome 1Define Classical Conditioning
• Outcome2 Define operant conditioning
• Outcome 3 Explain classical conditioningWatson’s work
• Outcome 4 Evaluate the positives and
negatives of classical conditioning
Assumptions of behaviourism
• Behaviourism is an
important branch of
psychology that deals
with observing the
behaviours and habits
of humans and animals.
• Human behaviour is
learnt
• We are born Tabula
Rasa – Blank slate
• There are 3
Assumptions..
• We learn through
association
• We learn by our
environment and how
we operate within it
• We learn through
observation
Assumptions of behaviourism
• All human behaviour can be explained
through observable actions
• All works on stimulus and response
• Only observable behaviour can be tested- no
need of the mind- lab experiments
• Highly testable- has it is measurable
• Through the use of a scientific method we can
analyse, quantify and compare behaviour
Starter task
• One person claps
• Straight after
• The other blows air into the eye of the third
person
• Keep going
• What begins to happen?
Assumption 1
behaviour can be explained through Classical
Conditioning = We learn through Association
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hh
qumfpxuzI
• Born in Russia in 1849
• Died 1936
• Physiologist: The
circulatory system of
dogs and saliva levels
• Man of peace
• Classical conditioning
1904
• Pavlov’s dogs
Hand-out
• In classical conditioning, the dog learned to
associate two stimuli when they occur
together, such that the response originally
elicited by one stimulus is transferred to
another. The dog learnt to produce an existing
response to a new stimulus.
classical conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs
game
• http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medi
cine/pavlov/
However
• It is a study on animals in a lab setting
• Is it comparable?
• Can we test this on humans?
Assumption 1
•
•
•
•
Classical Conditioning:
Pavlov
Watson
We learn through Association
Watson
• The birth of Behaviourism
• Objective study of human behaviour
• Study of people’s actions with the ability to be
able to predict and control them
Watson: Little Albert
• Watch the following clip and take notes
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXAC
sOI
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGo
zLyE
What did we see in this clip?
• Explain what was happening to little Albert
Stimulus and Response
Lets try it
And for me…
Thus, our behaviour is reduced down to mere
stimulus from our surroundings and the
learning of response to that stimulus…
In conclusion
• Involves learning what events in the
environment go together
• We are learning associations between objects
and the correct expected behaviour
Real life applications
• Potty training: Associate the toilet with the
place to go.. Not the nappy!
• Our Beds as the place to sleep
• Routines, time of day we associate with
eating- we learnt this when we were being
weaned!
In conclusion:
Human behaviour
• "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to
take any one at random and train him to become any type
of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief,
and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and
race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I
admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and
they have been doing it for many thousands of years." –
John B. Watson, Behaviorism, 1930
• But hang on!!!
• Q1: What is Watson implying about human behaviour?
• Q2: What is wrong with the above notion?
Evaluation : Outcome 4
Q: what is good and what is bad??
• The good:
• The bad
Hand-out: evaluation (The basics)
Behaviourism up to now
The good
• retestable – valid
• objective – results can
be seen
• used in successful
treatments: alcoholism
and phobias
• Mostly tested in the lab:
ecological validity (not
real life)
• Experimenter bias
(researcher bias) could
behave in a way to
influence participants
• Ignores mental
processes- we can
observe and learn!
Assumption 2: Behaviour can be
explained in terms of Operant
conditioning
Getting you thinking
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GS
BoMI
• Q: What is happening in this video?
Skinner and operant conditioning
• Skinner
• the idea that behaviour
is determined by its
consequences, be they
reinforcements or
punishments, which
make it more or less
likely that the behaviour
will occur again.
Difference?
• Remember that classical conditioning involves
a neutral stimulus that automatically triggers a
response without thought
• while operant conditioning requires the
voluntary action to use the surroundings and
the use of reinforcement or punishment
Example:
If Sheldon didn’t offer chocolates than the girl’s
behaviour wouldn’t even change!
Todays lesson
21/09/2015
22/09/2015
Last Lesson
This lesson
Next lesson
Introduced Skinner and
Operant Conditioning
Must: Complete gapped
handout
Define operant
conditioning and Social
learning theory
Social Learning theory
and the power of
observation in learning.
Should: explain what
Operant conditioning is
with examples and key
terms
Could: explain Social
learning theory with
examples
Critque of the whole of
behaviourism
Introduce
Psychodynamic
approach
Operant conditioning
• In operant conditioning,
we learn to perform new
behaviours through the
consequences of the
things we do.
• Consequences could be
either positive or negative
• We use (operate on ) the
environment around us to
learn
• So if we manipulate the
environment= behaviour
will change
Positive and negative
Reinforcement
Reinforces make it likely that the behaviour
will happen again
Positive and negative
reinforcement
Examples of reinforcement-
• http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=H6LEcM0E0io
• 2:24
• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=wfraBsz9gX4
Handout: table on definitions of
reinforcement and punishment
Exampleshttp://allpsych.com/psychology101/reinforceme
nt/#.Vf2yDLcgljo
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
• Think of it as adding
something in order to increase
a response. For example,
adding a treat will increase the
response of sitting; adding
praise will increase the
chances of your child cleaning
his or her room. The most
common types of positive
reinforcement or praise and
rewards, and most of us have
experienced this as both the
giver and receiver.
• Think of negative reinforcement
as taking something negative
away in order to increase a
response. Imagine a teenager
who is nagged by his mother to
take out the garbage week after
week. After complaining to his
friends about the nagging, he
finally one day performs the task
and to his amazement, the
nagging stops. The elimination of
this negative stimulus is
reinforcing and will likely increase
the chances that he will take out
the garbage next week.
More examples:
• Handout of example :
• Gapped handout
Evaluation:
Anything wrong with this approach?
Anything good with this approach?
Assumption 3
Human behaviour can be explained
by Social Learning theory
Read assumption 3 of hand-out
A difference between older
behaviourism
• We do need to understand what is happening
– mental processes
• Well actually what is a person thinking when
they are observing behaviour?
• It is learning by watching other learn…
Observation
• Learning through observation
So…
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/vicariousreinforcement-definition-lesson-quiz.html
• 30 seconds
• Now lets check out Bandura’s experiment –
Bandura
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=NjTxQy_U3ac
• ‘Learning through
someone else's learning’
• Anything wrong with this
experiment?
Examples of Vicarious reinforcement
What is this advert saying about
the child’s behaviour and what
will happen?
Other examples
So….
• We learn new behaviours through observation
• We observe others when they get positive or negative
reinforcement
• This observation of reinforcement will determine if we
imitate that behaviour
• This is called Vicarious reinforcement
• Social- cognitive psychology – we then build schemas
(memories) for next situation and can decide what
behaviour is appropriate- recap twins video
•
Examples: Hand-out