ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
An Introduction
There are at least nine million organic compounds. What factors are responsible for the
tremendous number of organic compounds? What makes all of these compounds different?
Building organic molecules using models can help us understand the basic structures of
organic compounds.
Background:
The term organic chemistry refers to the study of compounds containing carbon. The
most common elements found with carbon are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus,
and the halogens. Organic compounds, then, can be defined as covalently bonded
compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. The name reflects the
historical roots of chemistry – it was thought that compounds obtained from living
organisms required a “vital force” for their existence. The notion was discarded in 1828,
when the first organic compound was synthesized in the lab, but the name “organic
chemistry” remains.
Carbon is unique among the elements because of the large number of diverse structures
of compounds that it forms. Several factors help explain why compounds containing
carbon are well-suited to the chemistry of life:




Carbon forms strong and stable bonds with other
carbon atoms.
Chains of carbon atoms can “close in” on themselves
to form rings in addition to chains. Many different
ring sizes are possible, but five-, six-, and sevenmembered rings are the most common.
The valency of carbon is four – carbon forms four
covalent bonds to achieve a stable octet.
Because of their small size, carbon atoms form
strong multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) to
other carbon atoms, as well as to nitrogen, oxygen,
and sulfur atoms.
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to build organic molecules using models. The models will be
used to draw structural formulas of organic compounds, determine the general formulas
for different classes of hydrocarbons, and develop the concept of isomers of organic
compounds.
Name: ____________________
Date: _______________
Period: ____
UNIT 14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. Review: Complete the table below using your molecular modeling kit and Periodic Table.
Element
Number of
valence e-
Lewis Dot Structure
Number of
Bonding Sites
Color of atom in
modeling kit
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
The HONC-1234 Rule
Every Hydrogen has 1 line connecting it to other atoms.
Every Oxygen has 2 lines connecting it to other atoms.
Every Nitrogen has 3 lines connecting it to other atoms.
Every Carbon has 4 lines connecting it to other atoms.
2. Define “organic compound”.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What is the common element in all organic compounds? ____________
4. Identify five other elements frequently found bonded to carbon in organic compounds.
______________________________________________________
5. Give two examples of carbon-containing molecules that would not be considered organic.
_________ (a “carbonate”) & ____________ (an “oxide”)
6. Describe two factors that account for the multitude of organic compounds.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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7. Exploring organic compounds: Using your molecular model building kit, create four different organic
compounds. Using the colored pencils, sketch your molecules below and determine their molecular
formulas. Remember to follow the HONC-1234 Rules!
TAKE A PICTURE OF EACH MOLECULE YOU MAKE!
1) Create a 5-carbon hydrocarbon that is an alkane.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen.
An alkane has only single bonds.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: pentane
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
3) Create a 6-carbon hydrocarbon that is an alkene.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen.
An alkene has at least one double bond.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: 2-hexene
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
5) Create a 3-carbon hydrocarbon that is an alkyne.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen.
An alkyne has at least one triple bond.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: propyne
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
2) Create an isomer of the molecule in Box #1.
An isomer is a molecule that has the same molecular formula but different
structural formula.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: methylbutane
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
4) Create a halocarbon that is an alkane.
A halocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon, hydrogen, & a halogen.
An alkane has only single bonds.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: chloropropane
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
6) Create a hydrocarbon that is ring-shaped.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen.
Molecular Formula: ________________________
Compound Name: benzene
Interesting Fact: _________________________
_______________________________________
Identify any 2 patterns you noticed or new things you learned about organic compounds while creating your
models. ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: _________________________ Date: _____________ Pd. __
Aim: What are the properties of organic compounds?
 Organic chemistry is the study of ______________________________.
o Exceptions: _______________ & ________________
 Major sources of organic compounds are: ________, ______________,
and _____________.
Properties of Organic Compounds
1. Carbon forms ____ covalent bonds which may be __________,
___________, or _____________.
a. This is due to 4 ____________ electrons.
b. Orbital Notation:
___
___
___ ___ ___
c. Valence dot diagram:
2. Most organic compounds are ______________ or weakly polar.
a. IMF present in nonpolar molecules: ________________________
b. Low ___________ and ____________ points.
c. High vapor pressure (______________).
d. _____________/immiscible in water, but soluble in
_____________ solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride & benzene.
3. _____________________ except for organic acids in the aqueous state.
4. Undergo ________________ (reaction with oxygen to produce _______
and _______).
a. Example: Combustion of Octane (See Table I)
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5. Organic reactions, being complex, are much ______________ than
inorganic reactions.
a. Since organic compounds are formed by _______________ bonding
nonmetals, it takes a lot more energy to break a covalent bond than
an ionic bond.
b. Activation energies are ________.
c. ___________________ are often used to speed up rxn rate.
6. Carbon compounds are extremely _______________.
a. Carbon can bond _________________ with other carbons to form
______________, _______________, ______________, and
_____________.
b. There are millions of organic compounds known, and that number
grows daily.
Applying Your Knowledge
1. Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in that organic
compounds generally have
(1) high melting points and are electrolytes
(2) high melting points and are nonelectrolytes
(3) low melting points and are electrolytes
(4) low melting points and are nonelectrolytes
2. Which element is composed of atoms that can form more than one covalent
bond with each other?
(1) hydrogen
(2) helium
(3) carbon
(4) calcium
4. Draw an electron dot diagram of methane (CH4) in the space below.
5. Is water an appropriate solvent for methane? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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Aim:
How can organic compounds be classified?
Hydrocarbons
_______________________________
_______________________________
Aromatic
______________________________
Aliphatic
______________________________
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Compound
Name
Molecular
Formula
Structural Formula
Line
Representation
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
_______________________________
_______________________________
Alkanes
_____________________
_____________________
Alkenes
_____________________
_____________________
Alkynes
____________________
____________________
Homologous Series:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Alkanes (Single Bonds Only): _____________
Structural Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms in
two-dimensional space.
Condensed Structural Formula
Molecular Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms, takes
up less space than structural formula.
Summarizes the amount of each
type of atom; does not show
arrangement of atoms
CH4
CH4
IUPAC Name
Based on Reference
Table O
methane
(one carbon atom)
CH3 – CH2 – CH3
ethane
(two carbon atoms)
C3H8
propane
(three carbon atoms)
butane
(four carbon atoms)
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Alkenes (At least one double bond): _____________
Structural Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms in
two-dimensional space.
Condensed Structural Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms, takes
up less space than structural formula.
Molecular Formula
Summarizes the amount of each
type of atom; does not show
arrangement of atoms
IUPAC Name
Based on Reference
Table O
“Methene” doesn’t
exist! Why?
(one carbon atom)
CH3 – CH2 – CH3
ethene
(two carbon atoms)
C3H8
propene
(three carbon atoms)
2-butene
(four carbon atoms)
1-pentene
(five carbon atoms)
3-hexene
(six carbon atoms)
4-heptene
(seven carbon atoms)
Think about it:

Why can’t “methene” exist? __________________________________________

Why can’t “4-hexene” exist? _________________________________________
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Alkynes (At least one triple bond): _____________
Structural Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms in
two-dimensional space.
Condensed Structural Formula
Shows arrangement of atoms, takes
up less space than structural formula.
Molecular Formula
Summarizes the amount of each
type of atom; does not show
arrangement of atoms
IUPAC Name
Based on Reference
Table O
“Methyne” doesn’t
exist! Why?
(one carbon atom)
CH3 – CH2 – CH3
ethyne
(two carbon atoms)
C3H8
propyne
(three carbon atoms)
2-butyne
(four carbon atoms)
1-pentyne
(five carbon atoms)
3-hexyne
(six carbon atoms)
4-heptyne
(seven carbon atoms)
Summing It Up:
Define “saturated” or “unsaturated” using your glossary, and label each molecule below.
________________
_______________
________________
_______________
________________
_______________
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Aim: How are branched hydrocarbons named?
1. The number of carbons in the longest continuous unbroken chain is used to determine the
prefix of the parent chain.
2. The position of any alkyl group is considered next. To name the alkyl group, use the prefix for
the number of carbons in the alkyl group, replace the “-ane” suffix with “-yl.”
3. Use a number to identify which carbon the alkyl group is attached to.
Remember to number the carbons so that the alkyl group is on the LOWEST
number (“shortest address”).
Example:
4. When there is more than one of the same type of alkyl group branching off of the main
carbon chain, use the Greek prefixes to indicate how many, i.e., di- (2); tri- (3); tetra- (4); and so
on. The position of the alkyl groups is also specified using numbers.
Example:
5. When different alkyl groups are present on the chain, they are given in alphabetical order.
Example:
6. In unsaturated compounds, the double or triple bond MUST be included in the main chain.
Even with alkyl groups present, the double/triple bond is assigned the lowest possible number.
Alkyl groups are named first, and double/triple bonds are named after.
Example:
9|Page
Practice Naming These Hydrocarbons
Name the compounds below according to the IUPAC naming system.
Be sure to HIGHLIGHT the parent chain and NUMBER THE CARBONS first!
Find the longest possible chain, giving the substituents (i.e., alkyl groups) the lowest possible address.
CH 3
CH3
CH 3
CH
CH 2
CH 3
1
2
3
4
IUPAC Name: _____________________________________
2
CH 3
CH 2
CH
CH
CH3
1
2
3
4
CH3
3
1
CH 3
C
CH3
IUPAC Name:
_____________________________________
CH 3
1
CH3
2
CH3
CH3
3
CH
4
CH2
CH
4 CH 2
5
6
7
CH2
CH2
CH2
5 CH 3
**Remember to find the longest parent chain!**
CH3
IUPAC Name:
IUPAC Name:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
6
5
4
3
2
1
CH3
CH2
CH
C
CH2
CH3
CH3
1
2
CH3
3
CH
C
4
5
6
7
C
CH2
CH
CH3
CH 3
CH3
CH3
IUPAC Name:
_____________________________________
IUPAC Name:
_____________________________________
CH2
1
2
3
4
CH 3
C
C
CH 2
CH3
5
1
2
3
CH3
CH2
C
4
C
CH3
5
6
CH2
CH3
CH 3
CH3
IUPAC Name:
_____________________________________
IUPAC Name:
______________________________________
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Practice Drawing These Hydrocarbons
Draw the structural representation of each compound below.
Remember: Each carbon bonds four times!
ethane
1-butyne
1,4-pentadiene
3-methyl-1-butyne
(Hint: This means that there are two double bonds!)
3,3-dimethyl pentane
2-ethyl-1-pentene
2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
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Aim: How are the processes of fractional distillation and
cracking used to convert hydrocarbons into useful forms?
Instructions: Watch the YouTube videos about fractional distillation and cracking using
your iPad (or phone) to answer the questions. Then use the diagram below and your
knowledge of hydrocarbons to complete the table.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
1. What is “crude oil”? (Add to this definition at 1:11.) _______________
_____________________________________________________
2. Where is crude oil harvested? _______________________________
3. What does crude oil provide us with? __________________________
4. As the length of molecules increases, what happens to IMF? ________
______________________________________________________
5. Compare the boiling point of short hydrocarbons to the boiling point of long
hydrocarbons. _______________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. Summarize the process of fractional distillation. _________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7. What is a “fraction”? _____________________________________
8. Using the diagram at right, what is the
boiling point of pentane? _________
9. What can pentane be used for?
___________________
10. Identify another hydrocarbon that is part
of the same fraction as pentane.
Molecular formula: _______
IUPAC Name: ________________
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HYDROCARBON CRACKING
1. What is crude oil a mixture of? ______________________________
2.
Shorter Hydrocarbon Chains
Longer Hydrocarbon Chains
3. Why is there a demand for short-chain hydrocarbons?
_______________________________________________________
4. What does the process of cracking do? _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. Why is this beneficial? _____________________________________________
6. What are the longer hydrocarbon chains broken down into?
______________&_______________
7. The alkanes are used for fuels. What can the alkenes be used for? ____________
8. Write two possible equations for the cracking of octane:
Chemical Formula:
Word Formula:
Chemical Formula:
Word Formula:
9. What are the two types of cracking? ________________ & ________________
Practice Regents Questions:
1. During fractional distillation, hydrocarbons are separated according to their
a) boiling points
b) melting points
c) triple points
d) saturation points
2. In terms of intermolecular forces, explain the relationship between hydrocarbon chain
length and boiling point.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Aim: What is an Isomer?
How can two different compounds have the same molecular formula, but
different structures & different physical structures & chemical properties?
Isomer:
________________________________________
________________________________________
Butane
Methylpropane
(______________)
Molecular Formula: ______
Molecular Formula: ______
Structural Diagram:
Structural Diagram:
Draw all possible isomers for pentane.
IUPAC name:
______________
IUPAC name:
________________
IUPAC name:
_______________
Structural Diagram:
Structural Diagram:
Structural Diagram:
Molecular Formula:
____________
Molecular Formula:
____________
Molecular Formula:
____________
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Draw the 5 isomers for hexane (including hexane) and name them.
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Name: ____________________
Date: _______________
Period: ________
Aim: What functional groups exist among organic compounds?
Functional Group:
Reference Table ___
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
I. Halides (a.k.a. halocarbons)
“R” represents _____________________________________
Halocarbon Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
1,2-difluoroethane
1,4-dichloropentane
Identify two isomers from the chart above: ___________________&____________________
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II. Organic Acids

Organic acids contain a “-COOH” functional group, also called a “carboxylic acid” functional
group. The “-COOH” group is always terminal (at the end of the chain, not in the middle).

To name organic acids, replace the suffix of the parent chain (i.e., “-ane,” “-ene,” or “-yne”) with
the suffix “-oic acid.”)
Organic Acid Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
pentanoic acid
III. Ketones

Ketones contain an internal (non-terminal) carbonyl group (highlight it above).

To name ketones, replace the suffix of the parent chain (i.e., “-ane,” “-ene,” or “-yne”) with the
suffix “-none.”)
Ketone Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
2-hexanone
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IV. Aldehydes

Aldehydes contain a terminal carbonyl group (highlight it above.)

To name aldehydes, replace the suffix of the parent chain (i.e., “-ane,” “-ene,” or “-yne”) with
the suffix “-al.”)
Aldehyde Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
hexanal
Practice Regents Questions
1. Methanal is the IUPAC name for an
a) acid
b) alcohol
c) ketone
d) aldehyde
2. Which organic compound is an acid? (Hint: Use Table Q/Draw structural diagrams to help you.)
a) CH3OH
b) CH3OCH3
c) CH3COOCH3
d) CH3COOH
3. Which structural formula represents a ketone?
4. What is the correct IUPAC name for the following structure:
a) 2,4-dichlorobutane
b) 2,4-dichloropentane
c) 1,3-dichloropentane
d) 1,3-dichlorobutane
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V. Ethers

Ethers contain two alkyl radicals (R groups) connected by an oxygen bridge. The two alkyls
can be the same or different. If they are the same, use the prefix “-di.”

To name ethers, name each alkyl group and add the word “ether.” Name the shorter alkyl group
first.
Ether Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
diethyl ether
VI. Esters

Esters contain one oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain, and a second oxygen as part of a
carbonyl group. (Think eSter has plural (2) oxygenS!)

To name esters, name the alkyl group that is singly-bonded to the oxygen. Then name the alkyl
group which contains a carbon that has a double-bonded oxygen, changing the suffix to “-oate.”
Ester Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
pentyl ethanoate
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VII. Amines

Amines contain an -NH2 group.

To name amines, identify the alkane from which the amine was derived and replace the suffix
with “-amine”. Use a number in front of the name to indicate position of amine group if the
molecule has three or more carbons.
Amine Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
2-pentanamine
VIII. Amides

Amides contain a terminal -CONH2 group.

To name amides identify the alkane from which the amide was derived and replace the suffix
with “-amide”.
Amide Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
pentanamide
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IX. Alcohols

Alcohols are hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group somewhere on the chain.

To name alcohols, identify the alkane from which the alcohol was derived and replace the suffix
with “-ol.” If there is more than one possible isomer, identify the location of the –OH group
with a number.
Alcohol Nomenclature
Structural Diagram
1,2-pentandiol
(Note: “-diol” indicates that there are 2 hydroxyl groups present.)
(“-triol” would indicate that there are __ hydroxyl groups present.)
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Aim: What is the difference between a monohydroxy alcohol and a primary alcohol?
…and a dihydroxy alcohol vs. a secondary alcohol? …and a trihydroxy alcohol vs. a tertiary alcohol?
Alcohols
_________________________________________________________
MONOHYDROXY, DIHYDROXY, & TRIHYDROXY ALCOHOLS
Classifying Alcohols Based on Number of Hydroxyl Groups
Monohydroxy Alcohols (Contain ___ hydroxyl (-OH) group.)
methanol
ethanol
2-propanol
Structural Formula:
Structural Formula:
Structural Formula:
Dihydroxy Alcohols (Contain ___ hydroxyl (-OH) groups.)
1,2-ethandiol
1,4-butandiol
Structural Formula:
Structural Formula:
Trihydroxy Alcohols (Contain ___ hydroxyl (-OH) groups.)
1,2,3-propantriol (a.k.a. glycerol/glycerin)
1,3,5-hexantriol
Structural Formula:
Structural Formula:
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PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & TERTIARY ALCOHOLS
Classifying alcohols based on the number of R-groups that are attached to the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Type of Alcohol
Primary Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Tertiary Alcohol
General
Formula
# of carbons
attached to the
C-OH
Example
(Structural
Formula &
IUPAC Name)
_________________ _________________ _________________
Summary:
Alcohols can be classified based on:
1. ________________________________________________________________,
i.e., monohydroxy alcohol, dihydroxy alcohol, trihydroxy alcohol
2. _________________________________________________________________,
_________________________________________________________________,
i.e., primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol
Practice Regents Questions
1. When the name of an alcohol is derived from the corresponding alkane, the final “-e” of the name
of the alkane should be replaced with
a) “-al”
b) “-ole”
c) “-one”
d) “-ol”
2. To be classified as a tertiary alcohol, the functional –OH group is bonded to a carbon atom that
must be bonded to how many additional carbon atoms?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
3. Which is the structural formula of a dihydroxy alcohol?
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4. Which is the structural formula of a primary alcohol?
5. Which is the structural formula of a secondary alcohol?
6. All three of the following alcohols can be classified as
a) secondary alcohols
b) monohydroxy alcohols
c) tertiary alcohols
d) primary alcohols
7. Which compound is a dihydroxy alcohol?
a. C3H5(OH)3
b. C2H4(OH)2
c. Al(OH)3
d. Ca(OH)2
8. What is the total number of –OH groups in a molecule of glycerol?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
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Aim: What other functional groups exist among organic compounds?
Do Now: The following examples illustrate the great variety of functional groups present in organic
compounds. Circle and label the organic functional groups in the following compounds. An example has
been done for you.
1.
Functional Group: Ether
2.
IUPAC Name: Dimethyl ether
Functional Group: ________________
3.
IUPAC Name: ___________________
Functional Group: ________________
4.
IUPAC Name: ___________________
Functional Group: ________________
5.
IUPAC Name: __________________
Functional Group: ________________
6.
IUPAC Name: ___________________
Functional Group: ________________
7.
IUPAC Name: ___________________
Functional Group: _______________
8.
IUPAC Name: ___________________
Functional Group: ________________
IUPAC Name: ___________________
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Aim: What types of reactions to hydrocarbons undergo?
I. Combustion:
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _____________ + ______________
Example: Write the balanced equation for the combustion of methane:
_______________________________________________
II. Substitution:

If a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) is reacted with a halogen, one of the halogen
atoms replaces a hydrogen on the hydrocarbon chain.

The hydrogens get replaced ONE AT A TIME.

The reactive halogen atoms substitute for hydrogen atoms, hence the name.
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _________________ + ______________
Substitution Example:
Word Equation:
Ethane + Fluorine  _________________ + _________________
Structural Diagram Representation:
Substitution Example:
Word Equation:
Butane + Bromine  ___________ + ______________
Structural Diagram Representation:
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III. Addition Reactions
If an unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene or alkyne) is reacted with a halogen, the
mechanism of the reaction is such that the multiple bond is broken, and the halogen adds
on at the site of the newly available bonds.
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _____________ + ______________
Addition Example:
Word Equation:
Ethene + Fluorine  ___________________________
Structural Diagram Representation:
The fluorine atoms are added to the site of the double broken bond, one fluorine on one carbon and one fluorine on the other carbon.
Addition Example:
Word Equation:
1-Butyne + Bromine  _________________________
Structural Diagram Representation:
Think about it:
Which reaction, addition or substitution, would produce 1,4-dichlorobutane?
_________________________
Which reaction, addition or substitution would produce 2,3-dichlorobutane?
_________________________
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Compare & Contrast Addition & Substitution Reactions
1. Write the reaction that occurs between propane and bromine
a) as a structural representation:
b) in words: ___________ + ___________  ___________ + _________
2. Write the reaction that occurs between 1-butene and bromine
a) as a structural representation:
b) in words: ___________ + ___________  ____________________
Practice Regents Questions
1. What type of reaction is represented by the equation below?
a) substitution
b) esterification
c) fermentation
d) addition
2. In which type of reaction can an unsaturated hydrocarbon become saturated?
a) substitution
b) esterification
c) fermentation
d) addition
3. The products of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon are water and
a) carbon dioxide
b) an aldehyde
c) an alcohol
d) carbon
4. Which compound will undergo a substitution with bromine?
a) C3H6
b) CH4
c) C4H8
5. In the reaction
represented by X?
d) C2H4
, what is the structural formula of the product
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IV. Esterification
Esterification is a dehydration synthesis reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol,
where a water molecule is removed and an ester is formed. Esters typically have pleasantsmelling aromas, such as wintergreen, banana, pineapple, and pear.
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _____________ + ______________
Esterification Example:
Word Equation:
Propanoic acid + methanol  ______________________ + water
Structural Diagram Representation:

Esterification Example:
Word Equation:
ethanoic acid + 1-butanol  ______________________ + water
Structural Diagram Representation:
Practice Regents Questions
1. An alcohol and an organic acid are combined to form water and a compound with a
pleasant odor. This reaction is an example of
a) saponification b) esterification c) polymerization d) fermentation
2. Which equation represents an esterification reaction?
a) C5H10 + H2  C5H12
b) C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
c) C3H8 + Cl2  C3H7Cl + HCl
d) HCOOH + CH3OH  HCOOCH3 + HOH
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V. Polymerization:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
A) Addition Polymerization:
Monomers react by addition to form polymers.
In order to undergo addition, the reactants must be
_______________________ (contain double or triple bonds).
_______ + _______  _______________
Other Common Addition Polymerization Examples
a) Polyvinyl Chlorine (PVC): Formed from Vinyl Chloride (chloroethene) monomers
b) Polystyrene (i.e., Styrofoam): Formed from phenyl ethane monomers
c) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon): Formed from tetrafluoroethene monomers
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B) Condensation Polymerization:
Monomers that have functional groups that contain O
and H react to form polymers by
_______________________ (the removal of water).
Common Condensation Polymerization Examples:
a) Polyester: Formed from monomer units that have an alcohol functional group on one end
and a carboxylic acid functional group on the other end.
Synthetic polymers, such as PVC, Teflon, and polyester, are man-made. There are
many natural polymers in existence as well, including cellulose, starch, and proteins.
Practice Regents Questions
1. The chaining together of small molecules (monomers) to form a large molecule (polymer)
occurs during the process of
a) substitution
b) fermentation
c) saponification d) polymerization
2. The reaction nC2H4  (C2H4)n is best described as
a) substitution
b) fermentation
c) saponification
d) polymerization
3. The process of opening double bonds and joining monomer molecules to form polyvinyl
chloride is called
a) addition polymerization
b) dehydration polymerization c) condensation polymerization
4. Condensation polymerization is best described as
a) an oxidation rxn b) a cracking rxn
5. Cellulose is an example of
a) a synthetic polymer
c) a dehydration rxn
b) a natural polymer
c) an ester
d) a reduction rxn
d) a ketone
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VI. Fermentation:
Fermentation is the decomposition of glucose or fructose into an ethanol and carbon
dioxide. Yeast and enzymes such as zymase facilitate this process.
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _____________ + ______________
Example: Fermentation of Glucose
Word Equation:
______________  ________________ + _____________
Chemical Equation:
______________  ________________ + _____________
VII. Saponification:
Saponification is the splitting of a fat by a strong base (i.e., NaOH)
to produce glycerol and soap molecules.
General Formula:
_____________+ ____________  _____________ + ______________
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Practice: Types of Reactions
1. Identify the type of rxn by writing it in the specified box. Each type of reaction occurs only once.
Type of Reaction
How Do You Know?
Reaction
C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2
CH3OH + CH3COOH  CH3COOCH3 + H2O
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
C3H8 + HBr  C3H7Br + H2
CH3OH + CH3OH  CH3OCH3 + H2O
etherification
1200 C2H4  -(-C2H4-)-1200
2. Identify the type of reaction taking place and name each of the reactants and products.
Reaction Type:_______________________
Reaction Type:_______________________
_____3) The reaction that occurs when a hydrocarbon is heated in the presence of oxygen is called
a) combustion
b) fermentation
c) saponification
d) vulcanization
_____4) The cross-linking of rubber molecules with sulfur to toughen it is called
a) combustion
b) fermentation
c) saponification
d) vulcanization
_____5) The reaction that is used to manufacture soap is called
a) combustion
b) fermentation
c) saponification
d) vulcanization
_____6) The reaction that produces ethanol by the digestion of sugars by yeast is called
a) combustion
b) fermentation
c) saponification
d) vulcanization
_____7) Which reaction can be used to make 2,3-dichloropentane?
a) addition
b) substitution
c) etherification
d) esterification
_____8) Which reaction can be used to make propyl ethanoate?
a) addition
b) substitution
c) etherification
d) esterification
_____9) What is a by-product of saponification?
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a) ethanoic acid
b) propanone
d) ethylene glycol
d) glycerol
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