Chapter 16
Motivating Employees
The Concept of Motivation
• Motivation - the arousal of enthusiasm and
persistence to pursue a course of action
• Forces either intrinsic or extrinsic to a person
that arouse enthusiasm and persistence
• Employee motivation affects productivity
• A manager’s job is to channel motivation toward
the accomplishment of goals
 To find the right combination of motivational
techniques & rewards
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16.1 A
Simple Model of Motivation
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Content Perspectives on Motivation
If managers understand employees’ needs, they
can design appropriate reward systems
 Needs motivate people
 Needs translate into an internal drive that
motivates behavior
 People have a variety of needs
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16.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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ERG Theory by Clayton Alderfer
 Existence needs - the needs for physical well-being
 Relatedness needs - the needs for satisfactory
relationships with others
 Growth needs - the needs that focus on the
development of human potential and the desire for
personal growth
frustration–regression principle: failure to meet a
high-order need may cause a regression to an already
satisfied lower-order need
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The Motivational Benefits of Job Flexibility
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16.4
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
DQ – What is a manager’s role, from the Herzberg Model perspective?
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory
Certain types of needs are acquired or learned
during an individual’s lifetime. People are not born
with these needs, but may learn them through life
experiences
 Need for achievement
 Need for affiliation
 Need for power
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Process Perspectives on Motivation
• To explain how employees select behaviors
with which to meet their needs and
determine if their choices were successful
Goal Setting Theory
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Process Theories –
Goal Setting Theory
• Increase motivation by setting goals - Specific,
challenging goals increase motivation and performance
when the goals are accepted by subordinates who
receive feedback to indicate progress toward goal
achievement
• Key components of the Goal Setting Theory:
– Goal specificity
– Goal difficulty
– Goal acceptance
– Feedback
Process Theories –
Equity Theory by J. Stacy Adams
• Individual perceptions of fairness – how fairly
treated relative to others
• Perceived inequity can be reduced by:
» Changing work effort
» Changing outcomes
» Changing perception
» Leaving the job
• Inequity occurs when the input-to-outcome
ratios are out of balance
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Process Theories –
Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom
• Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations
about their ability to perform tasks and receive
desired rewards
• E  P: putting effort into a given task will lead to
high performance
• P  O: successful performance of a task will lead to
the desired outcome
• Valence – the value or attraction an individual has
for an outcome
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16.6
Major Elements of Expectancy Theory
Reinforcement Perspective
on Motivation
Behavior Modification
Reinforcement theory
techniques used to
modify behavior
Reinforcement
An act that causes a
behavior to be repeated
or inhibited
Law of Effect
Positively reinforced
behavior tends to be
repeated and
unreinforced behavior
inhibited
Positive Reinforcement
Pleasant and rewarding
consequences following a
desired behavior
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4 Reinforcement Tools
Extinction
Withholding of a
positive reward
Avoidance learning
Removal of an
unpleasant
consequence once a
behavior is improved
Punishment
Imposition of unpleasant
outcomes on an
employee
Positive
Reinforcement
Pleasant and rewarding
consequences following
a desired behavior
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16.7
Changing Behavior with Reinforcement
Social Learning Theory
Individual’s motivation can result from thoughts,
beliefs, and observations
– Vicarious learning – observational learning from
seeing others’ behaviors and rewards
– Self-reinforcement – motivating yourself by reaching
goals and providing positive reinforcement for yourself
– Self-efficacy – belief about your own ability to
accomplish tasks
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Job Design for Motivation
 Job Simplification
 Job Rotation
 Job Enlargement
 Job Enrichment
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16.8
The Job Characteristics Model
Depending on an employee needs;
Cross-cultural differences
Core Job Dimensions
Dimensions that determine a
job’s motivational potential:
Based on:
 Skill variety
 Task identity
 Task significance
 Autonomy
 Feedback
→ Critical Psychological
States
→ Personal and Work
Outcomes
→ Employee GrowthNeed Strength
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Innovative Ideas for Motivating
• Organizations are using various types of incentive
compensation to motivate employees to higher levels of
performance
• Variable compensation is a key motivational tool
• Incentive plans can backfire; They should be combined
with motivational ideas and intrinsic rewards and meeting
higher-level needs
• Incentives should reward the desired behavior
• Empowering employees
• Greater meaning at work
16.9
New Motivational Compensation Programs
Empowering People to Meet Higher
Needs
Employees receive information about company
performance
Employees have knowledge and skills to
contribute to company goals
Employees have the power to make substance
decisions
Employees are rewarded based on company
performance
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A Continuum of Empowerment
Giving Meaning to Work through
Engagement
• Instill a sense of support and meaning
• Help employees obtain intrinsic reward
• Focus on learning, contribution, and growth
Factors Affecting Engagement
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Engagement
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Discussion Questions
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Define motivation.
Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
Identify and describe content theories of motivation based on employee needs.
Identify and explain process theories of motivation.
Describe the reinforcement perspective.
Describe how the reinforcement perspective can be used to motivate employees.
Explain social learning theory.
Explain vicarious learning.
Explain self-reinforcement.
Explain self-efficacy.
Discuss major approaches to job design and how job design influences motivation.
Explain how empowerment heightens employee motivation.
Identify three elements of employee engagement and describe some ways
managers can create a work environment that promotes engagement.
Discussion Questions (in progress)
•
What is the manager’s role from the Herzberg Model perspective?
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