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The Dawes Plan was an attempt following WWI for
the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt
from Germany.
Allied occupation of the Ruhr industrial area
contributed to the hyperinflation crisis in Germany disabling effect on the German economy.
provided for an end to the Allied occupation +
staggered payment plan for Germany's payment of
war reparations
Dawes won the Nobel Peace prize for ending an intl
crisis
interim measure - proved unworkable. The Young
Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.
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1928 intl agreement - signatory states promised not to
use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever
nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may
arise among them“.
Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be
denied the benefits furnished by this treaty". It was
signed by Germany, France and the United States on
August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after.
Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact renounced
the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of
disputes.
Similar provisions were incorporated into the UN
Charter and other treaties and it became a stepping
stone to a more activist American policy.
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Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to
record levels (including 75 farm products)
Hoover’s attempt, against the advice of all economists to
protect American farmers from international competition
by raising agricultural tariffs.
Record high rates of this tariff probably had little impact
on domestic prices or on overseas exporters
US exports cut in half between 1930 and 1932
Some view the Act, and the ensuing retaliatory tariffs by
U.S. trading partners, as responsible for reducing
American exports and imports by more than half.
According to Ben Bernanke, "Economists still agree that
Smoot-Hawley and the ensuing tariff wars were highly
counterproductive and contributed to the depth and
length of the global Depression."
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Policy of the U.S. government enunciated in a note of January
7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of
international territorial changes that were executed by force.
Named after Henry L. Stimson, U.S. Secretary of State in the
Hoover Administration (1929–1933), the policy followed
Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern
China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden in
1931.
The doctrine was also invoked by U.S. Under-Secretary of
State Sumner Welles in a declaration of July 23, 1940, that
announced non-recognition of the Soviet annexation and
incorporation of the three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania —and remained the official U.S. position until
the Baltic states regained independence in 1991.
Not the first time the U.S. had used non-recognition as a
political tool or symbolic statement. President Wilson had
refused to recognize the Mexican Revolutionary
governments in 1913 and Japan's 21 demands upon China in
1915
...the American Government deems it to be its duty
to notify both the Imperial Japanese Government
and the Government of the Chinese Republic that
it cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto
nor does it intend to recognize any treaty or
agreement entered into between those
Governments, or agents thereof, which may impair
the treaty rights of the United States or its citizens
in China, including those that relate to the
sovereignty, the independence, or the territorial
and administrative integrity of the Republic of
China, or to the international policy relative to
China, commonly known as the open door
policy…
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Roosevelt’s new approach to Latin America
Inter-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay,
December 1933, Secretary of State Cordell Hull signed
a formal convention declaring:
“No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external
affairs of another.”
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FDR attempted to win friends in Latin & South
America.
This occurred after the “Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine” (Teddy Roosevelt)
U.S. interference was resented in the region in the early
1900’s.
Panama Canal
Virgin Islands
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Relations characterized by mutual hostilities since the Bolshevik
Revolution in 1917
The U.S. extended its embargo of Germany to include Russia, and
orchestrated a series of covert actions against Soviet Russia,
including secretly funding its enemies. U.S. Secretary of State
Robert Lansing yearned for a military dictatorship for Russia, of
the type General Kornilov attempted to establish in 1917.
The United States sent troops to Siberia in 1918 to protect its
interests from Cossacks with the United States landing thousands of
troops at Vladivostok and at Arkhangelsk
November 16, 1933 The United States and the Soviet Union
established formal diplomatic relations
President Roosevelt wrote to Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim
Litvinov, "I am very happy to inform you that as a result of our
conversations, the Government of the United States has decided to
establish normal diplomatic relations with the Government of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and to exchange Ambassadors.”
Aim: limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were
based on the widespread disillusionment with World
War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United
States had been drawn into the war through loans
and trade with the Allies.
1935 Act banned munitions exports to belligerents and
restricted American travel on belligerent ships.
1936 Act banned loans to belligerents.
1937 Act extended these provisions to civil wars and
gave the president discretionary authority to restrict
nonmunitions sales to a “cash‐and‐carry” basis
1939 banned U.S. ships from carrying goods or
passengers to belligerent ports but allowed the U.S.
to sell munitions, although on a “cash‐and‐carry”
basis
Cash and carry
 policy requested by FDR at a special session of
Congress on September 21, 1939.
 replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1939. The revision
allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long
as the recipients arranged for the transport using
their own ships and paid immediately in cash,
assuming all risk in transportation.
 Though "cash and carry" concepts had been
introduced in the Neutrality Act of 1936, it only
pertained to materials that could not be used in
war efforts.
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The “cash and carry” not an effective measure after
Germany began invading its neighbors.
After the fall of the Low Countries (Belgium and the
Netherlands) and the invasion and capitulation of
France, Roosevelt lobbied for the introduction of LendLease
a plan in which the European allies didn't have to pay
cash or arrange transportation any longer. Instead, the
U.S. would demand payment at a later time.
program under which the U.S. supplied Great Britain,
the USSR, Republic of China, Free France and other
Allied nations with material between 1941 and August
1945.
Ended the US pretense of neutrality in the war
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Britain 1812
Mexico 1848
Spain 1898
WWI 1917
WWII 1941
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A.) The United States in the world in 1945-1949
Collective Security—A system in which
participating nations agree to take joint action to
meet any threat to, or attack on another member.
*Idea helped to create the U.N. in 1945.
Deterrence---Policy of making America & its allies
so strong that its very strength will deter (prevent)
any attack.
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Greece & Turkey are on verge of
collapse to communism and
Truman is forced to make a
momentous decision
Truman Doctrine
Policy of containment is introduced
(Keenan)
 Communism is evil and it must not
be allowed to spread

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1947, Truman requested a
massive program of economic &
military aid to Europe
Part of the Truman doctrine
 Marshall Plan: billions of dollars given to European
nations to help them rebuild and survive

 Help keep communism isolated
 Aid given to Ally and Axis nations
 Develop potential markets for US products in Europe
Marshall
Plan Aid
to Europe
1948-1952

National Security Act of 1947 creates the
Department of Defense
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
Pentagon is built
National Security Council is created to advise the
President
 NSC–68 allowed for the President to quadruple
military spending

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Peacetime draft is created
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
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Three major tasks:
1. To coordinate the information gathering
activities of all State, Defense, & other federal
agencies involved in the areas of foreign affairs
& national defense.
2. To analyze & evaluate all data collected by
those agencies.
3. To brief the President & NSC.
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CIA conducts worldwide intelligence
operations.
Espionage—Spying
Much of work in secret---budget is
disguised.
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Berlin Blockade---Split of Berlin into four
sectors (Soviet, U.S., British, French.)
1948, Soviets tried to force the other nations
out, with a land blockade.
U.S. airlift for 1 ½ years.
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Created in 1949
A defensive alliance
to protect from
Soviet aggression
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An attack on one is
an attack on all
Warsaw pack is the
Soviet response
US gets entangled in
a foreign alliance
US hegemony by
consensus
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The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal
Assistance (commonly known as the Rio
Treaty, the Rio Pact) was an agreement signed
on 1947 in Rio de Janeiro among many
countries of America.
The central principle contained in its articles is
that an attack against one is to be considered an
attack against them all; this was known as the
"hemispheric defense" doctrine.
Cuban missile crisis; Falklands War, September
11, 2001
Mexico withdrew in 2002, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Nicaragua, Venezuela withdrew in 2012
U.S. Senator
 modified internationalist, in favor of U.S. membership on
the World Court, but the situation in Europe moved him
towards isolationism
 his experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the
munitions industry, convinced him that entry into WWI
had been a disastrous error
 supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s
 wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to
renounce all traditional neutral "rights" and restrict and
prevent any action by the President that might cause the
U.S. to be drawn into war.
 One of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the
Senate
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1945, delivered a celebrated speech heard round the
world in the Senate Chamber, publicly announcing his
conversion from “isolationism” to “internationalism“
1947, at the start of the Cold War, Vandenberg became
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
cooperated with the Truman administration in forging
bipartisan support for the Truman doctrine, the Marshall
Plan, and NATO, including presenting the critical
Vandenberg resolution.
The Vandenberg Resolution –
landmark action that opened the way to the negotiation of the
North Atlantic Treaty.
 concept of such an alliance first arose during the Pentagon Talks
in Washington in March
 American action would have been stymied without the Senate
action endorsing an internationalist role for the United States

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Hydrogen Bomb 1952
used the heat generated by a fission bomb to
compress and ignite a nuclear fusion stage
greatly increased explosive power.
 Concept first developed and used in 1952 and has
since been used in most of the world's nuclear
weapons
 first test of a hydrogen bomb prototype was the “Ivy
Mike" nuclear test in 1952 conducted by the U.S.
 The first ready-to-use thermonuclear bomb “”RDS6s" ("Joe 4") was tested on August 12, 1953, in the
Soviet Union
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The U.S. in Iran 1953
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Coup d’état orchestrated by the U.S. and the UK
CIA published a false report to spark the coup
Prime Minister Mossedegh overthrown
 Attempted to reduce power of the Shah – instate democracy
 Nationalize Iranian oil industry (owned by Anglo-Iranian
company)
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The U.S., United Fruit Company and
and Guatemala 1954
U.S. support of Latin American
dictators
Kissinger, Secretary of State and
Augusto Pinochet, dictator of Chili, 1976
 CIA support of coup d’état
against socialist government
of Salvador Allende

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US (along with France, UK, USSR & China)
involved in talks to discuss outstanding issues:
Korean Peninsula
 Unifying Vietnam
 Peace settlement in Indochina:

 Laos
 Cambodia
 Vietnam
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
13 days world on the brink of nuclear war
 U2 spy planes detected Soviet arms build-up by
1962 (intermediate range missiles in Cuba)
 Kennedy ordered a naval blockade
 Prepared to invade Cuba
 Talks between JFK & Krushchev,
 US tradeoff proposal: Soviets agreed to
withdraw missiles from Cuba and US agreed to
withdraw missile from Turkey
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Korean War 1950
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US foreign policy change: containment
roll back
South Korea(non-communist) attacked by North
Korea (communist)
War lasted three years, but peace terms never
agreed upon.
U.S./South Korea (UN) vs. North Korea/China
After much back and forth manoeuvers, border
remained the same as beginning of war: 38th
parallel
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Vietnam War
Really started in 1954, not 1965.
Ended in 1975.
U.S. rescued the French & the South
Vietnamese, but sunk themselves.
After Vietnam, the Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of détente.
Détente--- “a relaxation of tensions.”
Wanted to improve relations w/Soviet
Union & China.
Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
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Persian Gulf War---1991
Campaign to drive Iraq out of Kuwait.
International coalition, led by the U.S.,
launched Operation Desert Storm.
War ended less than six weeks later.
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The Gulf War 1991
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Desert Shield /
Desert Storm
Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait
GEORGE H. W. BUSH
FOURTY-FIRST PRESIDENT
1989-1993
President, George H. W. Bush, is known
for assembling the United Nations to send
troops to the Gulf War when Saddam
Hussein invaded Kuwait. The operation
known as Desert Shield, was to remove Iraqi
forces from Kuwait and ensure that Iraq did
not invade Saudi Arabia. President Bush
claimed that his position when he said,
“This aggression will not stand,” and “ This
is not a war for oil. This is war against
aggression”
After
weeks
of
air
bombardment and 100 hours of a land battle
named Desert storm, allied troops over ran
Iraq's million-man army.
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August 2, 1990-Iraq invades Kuwait
August 7, 1990-President George Bush launches "Operation
Desert Shield", sending American troops to try to stop an Iraqi
attack on Saudi Arabia. First U.S. Fighter plains arrive in Saudi
Arabia.
January 16-17, 1991-The air war begins. Bombers and cruise
missiles strike at power plants and other important targets. Iraq
attacks Israel with scud missiles .This air war last 42 days.
February 24, 1991-Allied ground assault begins. Iraqis leave
Kuwait igniting an estimated 700 oil wells in Kuwait
February 28, 1991-Conclusion of war declared after 100 hours.
•34 countries contributed to helping Kuwait
• U.S. was 73% of the 956,600 troops
• Soviet Union supplied Iraq with missiles
• Arab nations allied with the U.S.
“I can’t say enough about
the
Army
and
Marine
divisions. If I used words like
brilliant, it would really be
an under-description of the
absolutely superb job they
did in breaching the so-called
impenetrable
barrier.
Absolutely superb textbook
operation and I think it will
be studied for many years to
come as the way to do it”
Quote by
“General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.”
General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.
•1988, promoted to General and was
appointed Commander-in-Chief of the U.S.
Central Command
•prepared a detailed plan for the defence of
the oil fields of the Persian Gulf against an
invasion by Iraq.
•Schwarzkopf's plan was used as the basis
for Operation Desert Storm.
•His operational plan was the "left hook"
strategy that went into Iraq behind the
Iraqi forces who were occupying Kuwait.
•widely credited with bringing the ground
war to a close in just four days.
AFTER THE WAR
At the end of the 100 hour-ground war in the gulf, America's leaders and military
leaders basked in what appeared to be a success. Certainly in comparison with
the gloomy predictions to the pre-war period, the military victory seemed good.
Although American leaders remained unclear about their positions for post-war
Iraq. They had failed to destroy Saddam's Republican Guard Divisions, which
immediately set about destroying Shiite rebels in the south and they were
uncertain about Saddam's potential to threaten his neighbours, America's allies.
A.)The U.S. as World Arbitrator:

also known as the Oslo Accords

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
officially called the Declaration of Principles on
Interim Self-Government Arrangements or
Declaration of Principles (DOP)
an attempt in 1993 to set up a framework that would
lead to the resolution of the ongoing IsraeliPalestinian conflict
first face-to-face agreement between the govt of
Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO).
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Charged w/ the task of protecting the U.S.
from terrorism.
Terrorism—The use of violence to intimidate a
government or society, usually for political or
ideological reasons.
Created in 2002, operational in 2003.
Responsible for the coordination & the
direction of all antiterrorist activities of all
public agencies operating in the field of
domestic security.
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Gives the Homeland Security Department
major operating responsibilities in five
specific areas:
1. Border & transportation security
2. Infrastructure protection
3. Emergency preparedness & response
4. Chemical, biological, radiological, &
nuclear defense
5. Information analysis
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foreign policy has had to focus on terrorism
and what to do with nations that have
harbored terrorists
Superpower status in a unipolar world still
leaves the U.S. vulnerable both here and
abroad to terrorist attacks
Al Qaida
“Axis of Evil”----consisting of Iraq, Iran, North
Korea.
Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe
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Part 1 War and International Relations
8. The Spread of Communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations, pp. 142-168
9. The United Nations Organization, pp. 170-190
Part IV The United States of America
22.4 The impact of war and the Russian revolutions, pp. 465-466
23.4 Nixon and Watergate; Foreign Policy, p. 496. Jimmy Carter, pp. 497. Reagan and foreign policy problems,
pp. 499
The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley
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Chapter 28: America in a World at War:
The Pacific Offensive, p. 743
The Manhattan Project and Atomic Warfare, p. 744
Debating the Past: The decision to drop the atomic bomb, p. 745-748
Chapter 31: the ordeal of liberalism
Flexible Response and the Cold War, pp. 824-827
The Agony of Vietnam, pp. 827-830
Chapter 32: The Crisis of Authority
Nixon, Kissinger, and the War, pp. 860-865
Chapter 33: From the Age of Limits to the Age of Reagan
Human Rights and National Interests, pp. 882-883
The Year of the Hostages, pp. 883-884
Reagan and the World, pp. 895-896
The Bush Presidency & the Gulf War, pp. 901-904