MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH
 HIRDLS: The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
– Future potential in remote sensing for the UT/LS
region.
– Benefit to the community
 UT/LS Research Initiative
– Building upon existing strength, anticipation of
new capabilities (HIAPER)
– opportunity for the greater role for university
community.
 WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
– An inter-Divisional Community modeling effort that
benefits from a National Center setting.
1
Atmospheric Chemistry Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
24-26 October 2001 NSF Review
The High Resolution Dynamics
Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)
A Joint US-UK Experiment
John Gille – US PI
John Barnett – UK PI
University of Colorado/NCAR
Oxford University
Objectives: Measure temperature, 10 species, aerosols and PSC’s from
8-80 km with SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON UT/LS.
BETTER VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION THAN
PREVIOUSLY AVAILABLE GLOBALLY.
John C. Gille
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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HIRDLS Science Team
U.S.
J. Gille, CU/NCAR
U.K.
J. Barnett, OXF
Instrument Design, Management
M. Coffey, NCAR
W. Mankin, NCAR
C. Mutlow, RAL
J. Seeley, Reading
J. Whitney, OXF
Dynamical modeling and Analysis
B. Boville, NCAR
J. Holton, UW
C. Leovy, UW
R. Harwood, Edinburgh
D. Andrews, OXF
M. McIntyre, Cambridge
H. Muller, Cranfield
G. Vaughan, Aberystwith
A. O’Neill, Reading
Chemical Measurements & modeling
L. Avallone, CU
G. Brasseur, MPI
J. Pyle, Cambridge
Aerosol Science
O. B. Toon, CU
Principal Investigators
Radiative Transfer
F. Taylor, OXF
Data Handling, Retrieval, Gridding
John C. Gille
K. Stone, CU
C. Rodgers, OXF
E. Williamson, OXF
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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HIRDLS Science Objectives
• Understand stratosphere-troposphere exchange of radiatively
and chemically active constituents (inc. aerosols) down to small
spatial scales
• Understand chemical processing, transports and mixing in the
upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere/lower overworld
• Understand budgets of quantities (momentum, energy, heat and
potential vorticity) in the middle atmosphere that control
stratosphere-troposphere exchange
• Determine upper tropospheric composition (with high vertical
resolution)
• Provide data to improve and validate small scales in models
• Measure global distributions of aerosols and PSC’s and
interannual variations
John C. Gille
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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Summary of Measurement
Requirements
Temperature
<50 km
0.4 K precision
1 K absolute
>50 km
1 K precision
2 K absolute
Constituents O3, H2O, CH4, H2O, HNO3, NO2, N2O5,
ClONO2, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, Aerosol
Geopotential height gradient
o
(Equivalent 60 N geostrophic wind)
}
1-5% precision
5-10% absolute
20 metres/500 km (vertical/horizontal)
(3 m s-1)
Coverage:
o
o
Horizontal - global 90 S to 90 N (must include polar night)
Vertical
- upper troposphere to mesopause (8-80 km)
Temporal - long-term, continuous (5 years unbroken)
Resolution:
o
o
Horizontal - profile spacing of 5 latitude x 5 longitude (approx 500 km)
Vertical
- 1-1.25 km
Temporal - complete field in 12 hours
John C. Gille
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
7
Limb Technique and Coverage
IR Limb Scanning Technique
Infrared radiance emitted by the
earth’s atmosphere, seen at the
limb, is measured as a function of
relative altitude.
Technique previously applied by
LIMS and ISAMS
HIRDLS measures in 21 spectral
12-hour coverage
channels.
John C. Gille
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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Measurement Capabilities
HIRDLS CAPABILITIES
80
PRECISION
Altitude (km)
A
L
T
I
T
U
D
E
MIXING
RATIO TEMP
(%)
(K)
15
10
60
5
1.
3
.5
1
.25
40
20
TEMP
HO
2
O3
John C. Gille
NO
2
CH4
NO
2 5
NO
2
HNO
CFCl
3
PSC
Locations
Aerosol Cloud
CF Cl
2 2 Effects
Tops
3
ClO NO 2
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
11
HIRDLS Retrievals of 1 Orbit of Data
Simulated from MOZART 3 Model
H 2O (Model)
O 3 (Model)
John C. Gille
H 2O (Retrieval Error)
O 3 (Retrieval Error)
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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Future Plans
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oversee completion of Instrument Integration
Participate in EM calibration development
Participate in PFM testing and calibration
Oversee integration and testing on spacecraft and
launch
Complete algorithms, include additional features
Finalize and test operational codes
Intensify planning for use of data in science studies
LAUNCH (Scheduled June 2003)
Process data, find and correct artifacts
Validate data
Apply data to studies, notably of the UT/LS
John C. Gille
The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Experiment
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Atmospheric Chemistry Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Upper Troposphere
Lower Stratosphere
(UT/LS)
Sue Schauffler
Associate Scientist IV
Stratosphere/Troposphere Measurements Project
24-26 October 2001, NSF Review
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Importance of the UT/LS region
• “The tropopause region exhibits a complex interplay between
dynamics, transport, radiation, chemistry, and microphysics.
This is particularly highlighted in the case of ozone and water
vapor, which provide much of the climate sensitivity in this
region.” (SPARC Tropopause Workshop, April, 2001).
• Transition region between the troposphere and stratosphere,
both of which have mechanisms of ozone production and loss
that are fundamentally different.
• Strong gradients in many trace constituents including water
vapor and ozone.
• Transport processes occur on a multitude of scales including
global, synoptic, and subsynoptic.
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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UT/LS Chemistry
Production and Destruction of Ozone
• Seasonal variations in ozone and water vapor
• HOx and NOx budgets
• ClOx and BrOx budgets
• PAN, organic nitrates, HNO3 contributions to NOy
• Heterogeneous processes associated with aerosols and cirrus
clouds
• Aerosol formation and composition
• Influence of the summer monsoon and convection on UT/LS
chemistry
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Seasonal Variation in Water Vapor
Randel et al., JGR, 106, 13, 14,313, 2001
Figure 8. Horizontal structure of water
vapor at 390K in July. Dark and light
shading denote maxima (>4.6 ppmv)
and minima (<3.6 ppmv) in water
vapor, respectively.
Sue Schauffler
Pan et al., JGR, 105, 21, 26,519, 2000
Plate 2. Comparisons of middle world water
vapor from SAGE II, MLS, and ER-2 in-situ
measurements for 350 K.
UT/LS
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UT/LS Annual Cycle in Ozone
Logan: JGR, 104, 13, 16,115, 1999 An Analysis of Ozonesonde Data for the Troposphere
Figure 8. Annual cycle at the
tropopause (middle), 1 km below
the tropopause (bottom) and 2
km above the tropopause (top)
for four Canadian stations.
Monthly median values are
shown.
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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TOPSE: NOy UT budget
Frank Flocke: TOPSE
NOy balance during TOPSE, north of 58 degrees, upper troposphere
(>6km flight altitude)
PAN+PPN
HNO3
Alkyl Nitrates
NOx
1:1 line
Sum
fractions of NOy
1.5
A. Weinheimer, NCAR
B.A. Ridley, NCAR
B. Talbot, UNH
J. Dibb, UNH
D. Blake, UC Irvine
R. Cohen, UC Berkeley
1.0
0.5
0.0
40
Sue Schauffler
60
80
100
Day Number (from 1 January 2000)
UT/LS
120
140
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UT/LS Transport
• Processes that maintain sharp gradients in constituents across
the tropopause.
• Influence of various transport processes, such as convection, on
gradients of VOCs, halogens, nitrogen compounds, and other
constituents.
• Magnitude of irreversible exchange from transient baroclinic
waves and large/small scale transport in midlatitudes.
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Tropopause Folding Event
Tropopause fold observed during
TOPSE: Browell et al., NASA Langley.
J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994, 1980
Shapiro, M.A.
Potential Temp. (K)
J. Beuermann, et al., 2001, Julich. PV (PVU)
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Evidence of Convective Transport:
E. Atlas (NCAR), H. Selkirk (NASA)
ACCENT
PEM TROPICS B (Equatorial Pacific)
(CO data from G. Sachse et al.)
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Methyl Nitrate (pptv)
WB-57
Flight
10
Tropical Marine Emission
20
Convective Outflow
Over Gulf of Mexico
5
Convection
Continental Outflow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CO (ppbv)
Figure 1. Back-trajectories calculated along the WB-57 flight track intersect regions of strong
convection in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Figure 2. CO – Methyl nitrate relationship observed during ACCENT (23 April) over the Gulf of Mexico
(blue dots), and same relationship from PEM TROPICS (over tropical Pacific Ocean (red dots). The
measurements and modeling of the Gulf data suggest convective redistribution over the Pacific
followed by 2 day transport to the east.
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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NCAR Aircraft
Current: NSF/NCAR C-130 up to 7-8 km
Future: NSF/NCAR HIAPER up to 14-15 km
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Tropopause Location
Holton et al., Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 4, 403, 1995 (figure courtesy of C. Appenzeller)
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Tools in ACD for UT/LS Studies
•
Aircraft Instruments: Apel - Oxygenated hydrocarbons; Atlas Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, Alkyl nitrates, Oxygenated hydrocarbons;
Cantrell – RO2; Coffey/Mankin – N2O, CO, FTIR; Eisele – OH,
HNO3, Sulfur species; Fried – Formaldehyde; Ridley – NOx, NOy,
Fast O3; Shetter – SAFS; Flocke/Weinheimer – PAN, PPN, MPAN,
PiBN, APAN; Guenther – VOCs; Campos/ATD CO2, O3, CO, H2O,
and aerosol instruments.
•
Models: Garcia/ Kinnison – WACCM/MOZART; Madronich – MM,
TUV; McKenna – CLaMS; Hess - HANK
•
Satellite observations and analysis: Gille – HIRDLS, MOPITT;
Randel – HALOE, TOMS; Massie - UARS
•
Ground based remote sensing: Mankin/Coffey – FTIR
spectrometer; Newchurch - RAPCD
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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UT/LS Field Campaign
• Initial field campaign to study Photochemistry at mid to high
latitudes out of Jeffco using HIAPER.
To formulate details of the field campaign, ACD will convene a
community workshop to solicit ideas and input from colleagues
at universities and other government sponsored agencies.
• Integrate aircraft measurements, satellite observations, and
modeling efforts.
• Use simultaneous observations of key active and tracer species
as constraints for testing and improving atmospheric models.
Sue Schauffler
UT/LS
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Atmospheric Chemistry Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
WACCM:
Whole Atmosphere
Community Climate Model
Rolando Garcia
Senior Scientist, Modeling Group
(special thanks to D. Kinnison)
NSF Review, 24-26 October 2001
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
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WACCM Motivation
Roble, Geophysical Monographs, 123, 53, 2000
•Coupling between atmospheric layers:
- Waves transport energy and momentum
from the lower atmosphere to drive the
QBO, SAO, sudden warmings, mean
meridional circulation
- Solar inputs, e.g., auroral production of NO
in the mesosphere and downward transport
to the stratosphere
- Stratosphere-troposphere exchange
• Climate Variability and Climate Change:
- What is the impact of the stratosphere on
tropospheric variability, e.g., the Artic
oscillation or “annular mode”?
- How important is coupling among radiation,
chemistry, and circulation? (e.g., in the
response to O3 depletion or CO2 increase)
Rolando Garcia
Jarvis, “Bridging the Atmospheric Divide”
Science, 293, 2218, 2001
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
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WACCM Motivation
• Response to Solar Variability:
- Recent satellite observations have shown
that solar cycle variation is:
0.1% for total Solar Irradiance
5-10% at  200nm
- Radiation at wavelengths near 200 nm is
absorbed in the stratosphere
=> Impacts on global climate may be
mediated by stratospheric chemistry and
dynamics
UARS / SOLSTICE
• Satellite observations:
- There are several satellite programs that
can benefit from a comprehensive model
to help interpret observations
- e.g., UARS, TIMED, EOS Aura
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
29
Chronology of Model Development
•
1999: Scientists in ACD, CGD, HAO agree on the need for a
comprehensive ground-to-thermosphere model
•
1999-2001: NCAR Director’s fund provides “seed money” to support
1.3 new FTE’s. Allows software development and “proof of concept”
•
2001: Initial work on model completed (chemistry calculations are
currently “offline”)
•
2001: Preliminary scientific results presented at the CCSM Workshop
in Breckenridge, CO, and at the IAMAS Assembly in Innsbruck, Austria
•
2001: Responsibility for support of 1.5 new FTEs transferred to the
scientific divisions. Leveraged by proposals to NASA (LWS, ROSS
Theory and Modeling)
•
2002: WACCM workshop in connection with CEDAR meeting; model
released to community
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WACCM Components
Collaboration between 3 NCAR Divisions
TIME GCM
ACD
R. Garcia
D. Kinnison
S. Walters
MOZART
HAO
R. Roble
B. Foster
Mesospheric + Thermospheric Processes
Chemistry
(currently offline)
WACCM
+
Dynamics + Physical processes
(Middle Atmosphere CCM)
MACCM3
CGD
B. Boville
F. Sassi
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WACCM and the NCAR
Community Climate System Model
ICE
Atmosphere
+
OCEAN
LAND
WACCM
dynamics,
chemistry
WACCM uses the software framework of the NCAR
CCSM. May be run in place of the standard
CAM (Community Atmospheric Model)
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
32
Dynamics Module
Additions to the original MACCM3 code:
• A parameterization of non-LTE IR (15 m band of CO2 above 70 km)
merged with CCSM IR parameterization (below 70 km)
• Short wave heating rates (above 70 km) due to absorption of radiation
shortward of 200 nm and chemical potential heating
•Gravity Wave parameterization extended upward, includes dissipation
by molecular viscosity
• Effects of dissipation of momentum and heat by molecular viscosity
(dominant above 100 km)
• Diffusive separation of atmospheric constituents above about 90 km
• Simplified parameterization of ion drag
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
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WACCM
Zonal Winds, Temperature
Gross diagnostics (zonal mean behavior)
Complete climatological analysis is planned
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
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Solstice Temperature Distribution (K)
July
January
note cold Antarctic
winter stratosphere
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
35
Chemistry Module
(50 species; 41 Photolysis, 93 Gas Phase, 17 Heterogeneous Rx)
Our goal was to represent the
chemical processes considered
important in the:
• Troposphere, Stratosphere, and
Mesosphere:
• Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, and BrOx
• Heterogeneous processes on sulfate,
nitric acid hydrates, and water-ice
aerosols
• Thermosphere (limited):
• Auroral NOx production
• Currently do not include ion-molecule
reactions
(Taken from Brasseur and Solomon, 1986)
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
36
WACCM Chemical Species
Long-lived Species:
(17-species, 1-constant)
– Misc:
CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, N2O, H2, O2
– CFCs:
CCl4, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113
– HCFCs:
HCFC-22
– Chlorocarbons:
CH3Cl, CH3CCl3,
– Bromocarbons:
CH3Br
– Halons:
H-1211, H-1301
– Constant Species:
N2
Short-lived Species:
(32-species)
- OX:
O3, O, O(1D)
- NOX:
N, N(2D), NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2
- ClOX:
Cl, ClO, Cl2O2, OClO, HOCl, HCl, ClONO2, Cl2
- BrOX:
Br, BrO, HOBr, HBr, BrCl, BrONO2
- HOX:
H, OH, HO2, H2O2
- HC Species:
CH2O, CH3O2, CH3OOH
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
37
Heterogeneous Chemistry Module
Sulfate Aerosols (H2O, H2SO4) - LBS
k=1/4*V*SAD*
Rlbs = 0.1 m
(SAD from SAGEII)
>200 K
Sulfate Aerosols (H2O, HNO3, H2SO4) - STS
Thermo. Model (Tabazadeh)
Rsts = 0.5 m
?
Nitric Acid Hydrate (H2O, HNO3) – NAD, NAT
RNAH= 2-5 m
188 K
(Tsat)
Rlbs = 0.1 m
ICE (H2O, with NAH Coating)
185 K
(Tnuc)
Rolando Garcia
Rice= 20-100 m
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
38
Computational Demands
• Using the MOZART3 framework:
• Resolution of 2.8 x 2.8 degrees horizontal, ~2 km vertical
• Calculations at >500,000 grid cells; time step of 20 minutes
• Coded to run on massively parallel architectures
(IBM Blackforest at NCAR)
• 16 nodes x 4 processors per node (64 processors)
• 1 model year = 1.25 wall clock days
• Near Future… Advanced Research Computing System (ARCS)
• Expect a 5-fold increase in computational resources
• 4 model years = 1 wall clock day
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
39
CH4 (ppmv), March
UARS / HALOE+CLAES Data
Rolando Garcia
WACCM / MOZART3
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
40
NOx (ppbv), March
UARS / HALOE Data
Rolando Garcia
WACCM / MOZART3
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
41
Total Column Ozone (Dobson Units)
Earth Probe TOMS, 1999 (daily)
Rolando Garcia
WACCM (daily)
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
42
Equatorial H2O (ppmv), UARS HALOE
Strat / Trop Exchange of
Water Vapor:
A Key Question for Chemistry
and Radiative Transfer
The observed “tape recorder”
signal in the lower stratosphere
is shown at left
(imprint of the sesonal cycle in
tropopause temperature)
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
43
Calculated Equatorial H2O (ppmv)
Semi Lagrangian advection
Rolando Garcia
Lin and Rood advection
(now used in WACCM)
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
44
WACCM Science Application
Middle Atmosphere Variability due to Planetary Waves
Propagating from the Troposphere:
• Changes in tropical sea surface temperature (SST) alter the
forcing of large-scale waves that propagate into the middle
atmosphere
•This can impact the structure and intensity of the winter polar night
vortex
Model Simulation:
• WACCM was run with time-dependent SST from 1979 through
1998 specified from observations
• Model results grouped according to whether the SST distribution
corresponds to El Niño or La Niña years
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
45
Response in the Troposphere
500 mb Geopotential (JAN)
Ensemble Difference El Niño – La Niña
“canonical”
tropospheric
response
(PNA pattern)
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
46
Response in the Lower Stratosphere
JAN DT (K) at 100 mb: El Niño – La Niña
• ENSO effects extend into the stratosphere (and above)
• At high latitudes, a large warm anomaly is shown which corresponds to a more
disturbed polar vortex during El Niño years relative to La Niña years
• A disturbed polar vortex is accompanied by polar temperatures colder by several
degrees.
• Could have significant impact on polar heterogeneous processes
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
47
Future Work and Plans
Interactive Dynamics and Chemistry
Under development
Current
(Offline Chemistry)
(Coupled Chemistry)
Dynamics
Dynamics
--------------------------------
--------------------------------
Chemistry
Chemistry
Specified O3 drives Qsw
Calculated O3 drives Qsw
–> Coupled model allows feedbacks between Qsw and dynamics
Coming Attractions...
• Community workshop will be organized for 2002
• WACCM to be released as community model
Rolando Garcia
WACCM: Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
48