Introduction: Summer Reading
--Jacques Barzun’s “History is
Past and Present Life” Give one
passage you liked and why?
Why study history?
Summer Readings, continued…
• Mark Noll’s “A Christian America?” Is it, or isn’t
it? Do you agree?
• Harry Stout’s “Biography as Battleground” What
are the three levels of historical analysis? Why is
this important in studying history? Whose
biography would you like to write?
• Also, what about George Marsden’s “A Christian
Perspective for the teaching of history”?
Summer Readings, cont…
• Gordon Woods—”The Localization of
Authority in the 17th century English
Colonies—New England & the Chesapeake
• Primary Sources—”From Attics to
Graveyards” Possible topics/sources? See
poster
• Bedford Readers?
• History book reviews?
Introduction to U.S. History
A. What is U.S.
History and how
do we study it?
--Definitions?
1. Understand the
importance of:
Place, Time, and
People (and the
records they make)
2. Use sources to discover facts
and make interpretations
Primary (letter) vs. Secondary
(textbook) and non-written
*Read sources carefully and
critically, for author’s viewpoints,
bias, context, etc…
3. Know key dates, periods,
institutions and figures
(somewhat selective)
--Dates are “pegs” (Barzun) i.e., 1776, 1865, 1914
--Periodization: division of history: i.e. Federalist Era,
Jacksonian Democracy, Era of Good Feelings, Great
Depression
--Institutions—Houses of Congress, Supreme Court,
Military branches, Churches, Corporations,
--Key Figures: i.e. Presidents, military leaders, reformers,
inventors, but also the lesser-known figures.
4. Ask questions
• Questions of fact: What?
When? Where? Who?
How?
• Questions of
interpretation: Why?
How?
• Questions of causality or
relationships (cause and
effect)
• Hypothetical questions:
What if?
• Questions of judgment:
Was it good? Bad?
Justified? Unjustified?
5. Deal with historical
debates/controversies, i.e.…
• Was Christopher
Columbus a hero or a
villain?
• Was the Revolutionary
War justified?
• Why did
Reconstruction fail?
• Why did so many
people in America not
have civil rights?
• The war on terror:
success or failure?
6. Address themes and issues
throughout U.S. history
EXAMPLES:
•American Exceptionalism
•Order vs. Liberty (National
Government vs. States’ Rights)
•Freedom vs. Equality
•Unity and Diversity
•Christian vs. Secular
•American Idealism vs. Realism
•Isolationism vs. International
involvement
• AP 2015 Themes
1. American and National
Identity
2. Politics and Power
3. Work, Exchange, and
Technology
4. Culture and Society
5. Migration and Settlement
6. Geography and the
Environment
7. America in the World
B. The First “Americans”
1. Native Americans/Amerindians by
1492 (Probably arrived up to 10,000 years ago
from Asia on a land bridge across the Bering St.)
a. Estimated population: 16-20 million, only 12 million in sparsely settled future U.S.
b. Variety of tribes--about 500 languages and
many tribes
c. South and Central America developed
more civilizations: i.e. Mayas, Aztecs, Inca
2. The mound builders of North America such
as the Hopewell and Mississippian (Cahokia)
Artifact – object made by humans and used by archaeologists to recreate
a picture of the past.
Cahokia Point. Cahokia Point. Cahokia Point.
Bone Point.
Triple Notch.
Serrated Edge.
Double Notch.
L: 1.5"
L: 1.25"
L: 1.75"
L: 2"
Cahokia Mounds
Cahokia Mounds Cahokia Mounds Cahokia Mounds
Madison Co., IL.
Madison Co., IL. Madison Co., IL. Madison Co., IL.
Flint
Shark
Tooth
Point.
L: 1"
Cahokia
Mounds
Madison
Co., IL.
The Missouri Heron Pipe.
H: 5.25" Made from red to brown banded slate.
This well-known bird pipe was discovered in 1858
by a farmer named Amos Weiling while removing
a tree stump on a farm in Mew Madrid County,
Missouri. The heron is a common sight along the
waterways in central and southern Missouri.
The Dr. Bunch Frog Pipe.
L: 8.25". Made from fine green
sandstone. This famous pipe was found
in 1878 in a low mound on a river bluff
near what is nows Bluffton, Yell
County, Arkansas.
Mound Builders
• The Mound Builders, including the Hopewell and Mississippian
peoples, lived from about 3,000 years ago to the 1700’s.
• Early mounds were burial grounds for important leaders.
Miamisburg,
OH
Adena
people
Great Serpent Mound, Ohio
• The Mississippian people build the city of Cahokia in present-day
Illinois.
• The largest mound of Cahokia was Monk’s Mound, which covered
around 16 acres.
• The fence build around the city served as a calendar.
• The posts of the fence were viewed from the top of Monk’s Mound.
- shorter shadows meant the coming of spring
- longer shadows meant the coming of autumn
* This system allowed farmers to know which crops should be planted.
3. Native Americans in the
West.
• Many
Indians in
the West--i.e.
Anasazi,
Navajo,
Apache,
Pueblo, Nez
Perce,
Blackfoot,
Sioux.
I. Unit One: Colonial America
A. Background: The Discovery
of the New World
1. Earlier explorations or the North Atlantic:
Confirmed: Norse/Viking--Eric the Red in
Newfoundland
Debated: St. Brendan? Basques? Chinese?
2. Europe’s growing military capabilities and
wealth by 16th century.
3. The Effects of the Renaissance and Reformation
4. Newly-unified nations (and monarchies), with
ambitions of trade and empire: i.e, Spain,
Portugal France, England, Netherlands, Sweden.
4. First Impressions: Christopher
Columbus
What was Columbus’ impression of
them?
Why Africans and not native
populations?
How did the Spanish treat them?
What did Las Casas reveal?
5. Spain and Portugal Lead in
the Age of Exploration
a. Allure of the “treasures” of Asia
b. Importance of Italian mariners: Christoforo
Colombo, Vespucci, Caboto, Verrazano,
c. Portugal and the African Route to Asia
d. Spain and the Discovery of the New World.
e. Results of the “Discovery”: Precious metals (Au
and Ag), “Columbian Exchange,” encomienda
system, slavery, both African and native, Roman
Catholicism, interracial marriage
f. Debate about Columbus and other conquistadors
B. Non-English Exploration and
Colonization of North America
1.
Spanish South (FL-CA)
--First permanent settlement in N. America was St.
Augustine in Florida by Ponce de Leon
--Cortes in Mexico by 1520, and Juan Sebastian Cabrillo
in California by 1542, and Manila Galleon silver route
established by 1570
2. New France—Veraz. explores, Jacques Cartier
establishes Montreal and Quebec, Marquette and LaSalle
explore Great Lakes and Mississippi R.
--French Bourbon crown relatively uninterested in settling.
Mainly for fur trade, and only for Catholics (though Fr.
Hugenots settled in Florida
3. New Netherlands (NY). Peter Stuyvesant, 1613
4. New Sweden--(DE) Peter Minuit, 1638
C. English Exploration and
Colonization
1.
Reasons for English colonization:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trade and econ dissatisfaction/poverty
Surplus population (overcrowded prisons, too)
National rivalry and glory (Drake, etc..)
National econ. policies: Mercantilism
Glorification of the monarchy
Religious freedom and persecution
Many other individual reasons…
2. Native Americans
in North American
colonies
The most important
Native American tribal
groups to the early
settlers were those in the
Southeast (Creek,
Choctaw, Cherokee,
etc…) and the Northeast
(Algonquian, Iroquois,
etc.) Some, like the
Algonquian and Iroquois,
were tradition enemies.
Algonquian drawn by
3. Turbulent 17th Century England
a.Tudor Monarchs: Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
(“Virginia”)
b.Stuart Kings: James I (1603-1625) and Charles I
(1625-1649)
c. Civil War developed between the Roundheads
(Protestants) and Cavaliers (Cath.) and Oliver
Cromwell as Lord Protector
d.The Restoration: In 1660, Monarchy restored-Charles II (1660-1685) and James II (1685-1688
e.The Glorious Revolution: James II, a Catholic
removed and William and Mary, Protestants, placed
on the throne
**Results of Glorious
Revolution
--Parliament becomes
more powerful
--Bill of Rights, 1689
--Toleration Act (for
most Protestants, not
for Catholics, 1689
--Locke’s Two
Treatises on
Government, 1689
--Expansion of slavery
(no more state
monopoly on slave
trade after 1695)
4. First Attempts at Colonization
a. Prior colonization of Ireland-Sir Humphrey
Gilbert. Treated Irish harshly (comp. Indians)
b. Early explorers--John Cabot (1497) and
Newfoundland, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1570s1580s) in North Atlantic/Canada
c. Roanoke--1584, Sir
Walter Raleigh established
Virginia (in N. Carolina).
Location was poor (Outer
Banks), Sir Richard
Grenville, leader, destroys
an entire Indian village and
then leaves, and the rest
leave in 1586 with Sir
Francis Drake.
Roanoke, the second attempt…
• 1587, Raleigh tried again, and placed John White
(talented administrator and artist) in charge,
settling near Roanoke (Sketchbook of Algonquian
Indians)
• Between 1587-1590, communication was cut off
(Spanish Armada blocked?)and when a ship
finally came to “rescue” them, they had disappeared with word “CROATAN,” name of nearby
island or Indian tribe, scratched into tree. ????
The mystery remains…
5. Jamestown and Virginia
a. Problem of money. Solution: Joint-stock
Companies (forerunner of corporations)
Monarchs gave these companies (i.e. Virginia
Company, Plymouth Company, Massachusetts
Bay Company), charters to establish colonies.
b. Shaky start: 16071617
The London Company
(also called Virginia Co.),
with Sir Thomas Smith, a
wealthy merchant, as
leader set out with 3 ships
and 104 men to establish a
fortified outpost miles up a
large navigable river.
Chose the James River.
Bad choice--contaminated
water, etc… But no
immediate Spanish threat.
Quarrels broke out. 50-50
chance of survival--high
mortality
First Thanksgiving, in
Jamestown?
c. John Smith
--Men were not used to working
and were greedy and expected to
become rich quickly. When they
stole Indian supplies, Powhatan
cut off all supplies
--John Smith seized control of
ruling council in fall of 1608.
Brought order to the anarchy of
Jamestown by strict military
discipline. Traded with Indians,
mapped the Chesapeake (was
captured by Powhatan Indians,
one of the Algonquian tribes and
may have been rescued by
Pocahontas)
John Smith….
• Smith, wounded in a gunpowder accident,
returned to England in 1609
• 1609-1611--Lack of leadership, terrible winters-”the starving time.” In June, 1610, remaining
settlers abandoned Jamestown, but forced to go
back by the governor
• Also, “gender imbalance” and high mortality rates
continued. By 1622, 3000 immigrated, 1240
remained alive
d. Pocahontas and John Rolfe
• Pocahontas, Chief (Emperor?) Powhatan’s daughter
• Incident of John Smith’s “rescue” or symbolical
ceremony to make him a vassal? Read p. 51 in BSL
• Captured by English ship in 1613 and married John
Rolfe in 1614
• Rolfe was first to introduce tobacco farming to
Virginia. Provided some successful product for VA,
but K. James not enthused…until tax revenues arrive
(Song—”Tobacco’s But an Indian Weed”)
e. 1619: Two “Firsts”
1.) House of Burgesses-First Legislative
Assembly in North
America. Part of Sir
Edwin Sandys
reforms--a promised
elective representative
assembly.
2.) African Slavery:A
Dutch ship arrived with
slaves, captured from a
Spanish ship in the
Caribbean. Status of
blacks was unclear-some were considered
servants, some
permanent slaves.
f. War with Indians
• 1622 Opechancanough, Powhatan’s successor, led
surprise attack on the English settlers. Though
warned by two Christian indians, 347 (one-third)
of settlers died and the war continued for years
• After two years, 500 settlers had died, but
Opechancanough was captured, and the dwindling
Indian confederacy (less than 2000) submitted to
English rule.
• 1624, as a result of the colony’s inability to deal
with Indians and bankruptcy, the 1609 charter was
removed, and VA became a Royal colony
• 1644--Powhatans went to war again, but wiped out
g. Violence in VA: Bacon’s
Rebellion
• Around1660, the economy had declined and
created dissatisfaction.
• Nathaniel Bacon, arrived in Virginia in 1674 and
became a planter, but didn’t like the patronage and
gentry inequality--lucrative commerce reserved
for the Governor Berkeley’s friends, etc…
• Indian uprising in 1675, but Governor responds by
building forts to protect himself in Jamestown.
But what about the settlers outside Jamestown?
Bacon…continued
• Bacon offers to lead a
--Led to Virginia gentry working
volunteer army to fight the together to heal divisions--Never
Indians, but the governor
to allow such a rebellion again.
refuses. Bacon appeals to
populace, and marches to
frontier (but failed to find
Indians)
• He burns Jamestown, forcing
the governor to flee, and civil
war breaks out
• By October 1676, Bacon died
and the rebellion was over.
h. Society in VA and the
Chesapeake
--Social classes:
Royal Governor, Gentry, Freemen (“headright”
50 acres), Indentured servants, Slaves (black codes
instituted by late 17th c.)
--Scattered plantations and few towns. Victory over
Indians helped to encourage the spread of settlers
--High mortality rate, thought improved somewhat
by late 17th c. when life expectancy increased
--Education: William and Mary (1693), but general
lack of education (gentry children sent to England)
--Religion: Mainly Anglican, but not well organized
6. Maryland
• Very similar society to
Virginia
• Proprietary colony
founded by Lord
Baltimore (George
Calvert), a Catholic
Englishman as a haven for
English Catholics
• By 1700 had about 25,000
people, many non-Catholic
7. Pilgrims and Plymouth (1620)
a.
b.
Journey from Scrooby to
Netherlands to Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
and William Bradford:
c. Hunger and debt
d. Squanto and Indians
e. Merged with Massachusetts
Bay Colony in 1691
8. Puritans and Mass. Bay
Colony (1630)
a. Puritans and the
Church of England
(remember history of
England)
b. Independent charter
for Mass. Bay Co.
c. Gov. John Winthrop-”City on a Hill”
d. Great Migration:
2000 after 1st
year and by
early 1640s
more than
16,000
e. Concept of
Covenant
important to
Puritans
Puritans and New England,
cont…
f. Women in New England. Many views on
their status.
g. Rank and Status in New England Society
Most were yeoman farmers. Not many
indentured servants or slaves
h. Family life key for society and education from the
beginning.
i. Government--All freemen (and members of
Congregational Church) could vote (over 40%)
j. Towns as centers of Puritan communities.
k. Education: Harvard (1636) and other schools
l. John Eliot: “Apostle to the
Indians” (1604-1690)
• Instrumental in
education, conversion
of Massachusetts’
Indians
• Translated and printed
Bible into Native
language in 1663
• Built 14 Indian
“Praying towns”
• Protested harsh
treatment of Indians
9. Roger Williams and Rhode
Island (1636)
a. Disagreement with
Puritan government:
--Extreme separation
of Church/State
--No right to punish
for religious beliefs
(religious tolerance)
--Rights of Indians
not considered in
charters
b. Anne Hutchinson
1638, joined him
after she was kicked
out. Criticized
clergy and said she
received direct
inspiration outside
of Bible/clergy
--Church concerns:
antinomian and
subjectivism
c. Rhode Island
became a royal
colony in 1663 and
attracted many
groups including
Jews, Quakers, etc...
10. Other New England Colonies
a.
New Hampshire (1623)--small and scattered
proprietary colony given as a gift from the King
to John Mason. Became a separate colony from
Mass. in 1677.
b. Connecticut: Two major colonies:
--Hartford founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636,
a Congreg. Minister. Fundamental Orders of
Gov’t, a state constitution that allowed nonPuritan/ Congregationalists to vote
--New Haven taken over by Connecticut in 1662,
but originally established by Theophilus Eaton
and John Davenport. Strict, but important port
11. Conflicts in late 17th c. New
England
a. Religious conflict (i.e. “half-way covenant”)
b. King Philip’s (Metacomet) War--1675
c. Unpopular Colonial
Administrative Policies
from England
1684--Massachusetts’
charter revoked and new
division of English colonies
in only TWO sections in
1686, but lasted only until
1691 (after the Glorious
Revolution restored the
original colonial charters)
--Navigation Acts from
1695 try to further restrict
trade
d. Salem Witch Trials in 1692
12. New York
• New Netherlands
originally owned
by the Dutch
• Many ethnic
groups settled,
also introduced
slavery in 1626
--Poor leadership, i.e.
Peter Stuyvesant
--Duke of York (later
James II) brother of
Charles II, was given,
along with other lands,
including lands in Maine
--“Duke’s Laws” 1665
guaranteed religious
freedom and local gov’t,
but no elected assembly.
13. New Jersey
• Given as gift to two of courtiers by Duke of York,
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, but New
York governor Nicolls was upset
• Chaotic settlement and little profit because of a
lack of a good harbor
• Berkeley sold sold rights to a group of
quarrelsome Quakers and it was divided into East
and West Jersey
14. Pennsylvania--”Penn’s
Woods”
a.
George Fox and
the
Quakers/Society
of Friends
b. Penn’s “Holy
Experiment”
1681 Charles II
a.
b.
c.
Frame of Government-1682 (same year
Delaware purchased
from Duke of York)--set
up assembly and
established freedom of
conscience, etc…
Promotion of
Settlement--Very
diverse: 100,000 Irish,
65,000 Protestant
Germans
Econ. Success, but
divided. Penn signs
Charter of Liberties, and
dies depressed and
indebted.
15. Carolinas
• Product of the
Restoration (1660)
• Charter to various
proprietors, under Sir
John Colleton of
Barbados with three
main jurisdictions:
Abermarle (NC), Cape
Fear River, Port Royal
Region (SC) -Barbados
connection
• Settlement difficulties
• Charleston (Charles
Town)--est. in 1670
--John Locke wrote
Fundamental
Constitution of
Carolinas--not very
effective constitution
and generally gov’t
was incompetent.
--Slavery was very
important in the
economy
--Conflict and
creation of N. and S.
Carolinas—1729
16. Georgia
• Spanish claims from Florida.
Georgia was a boundary
between Spanish and English
colonies.
• 1733--James Oglethorpe,
“Our Perpetual Dictator”
Military rule by this general
and parliament member
• Asylum for poor and those in
debtor’s prison
• Limitations for settlers, I.e.
no slavery , no rum, limited
land and primogeniture. By
1750 these laws were gone.
D. Slavery in the Colonies
1. 11 Million to Americas
2.English Slavery
3.Slave Codes by 1700
4.The South’s reliance on slavery, in 18th c.
S.C.=60% VA=40% PA=8% MA=3%
5. Black sailors, by 1803=18%
6. Newly-arrived Slaves (from Africa) versus
creoles (native-born)
7. Stono Rebellion
Sept. 1739
a.
b.
150 Blacks murder
several white planters
and total of 20 whites
Head towards Spanish
Florida, but caught by
militia and most are
killed.