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Why Latin?:
Rapid Review:
Wheelock Chapters 1-14
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Their function in the sentence is indicated by their
case, not by the word order of the sentence.
There are six cases:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Besides case, nouns also have gender:
masculine, feminine, or neuter.
They also have number:
singular or plural.
So nouns have three important
characteristics:
GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Nouns are divided into five groups called
declensions. So far, we’ve learned the first
3 declensions (and we’ll learn the remaining
2 this semester, huzzah!)
Remember:
DECLENSION ≠ GENDER!
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
We can identify the declension of a noun by
looking at the ending of its genitive singular.
To decline a noun, we add the appropriate
case endings to the noun’s stem.
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
1st declension: porta, portae, f
Singular
Plural
Nom
porta
portae
Gen
portae
portarum
Dat
portae
portīs
Acc
portam
portas
Abl
portā
portīs
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
2nd declension: campus, campi, m
Singular
Plural
Nom
campus
campi
Gen
campi
camporum
Dat
campo
campīs
Acc
campum
campos
Abl
campo
campīs
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
The form of the vocative case is identical to that of
the nominative in every declension EXCEPT certain
2nd declension nouns, following these rules:
-us → -e
-ius → –i
also, meus → mi
ex: Marcus → Marce
ex: filius → fili
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
3rd declension: rex, regis, m
Singular
Plural
Nom
rex
reges
Gen
regis
regum
Dat
regi
regibus
Acc
regem
reges
Abl
rege
regibus
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
The form of neuter nouns follow the
following rules in all declensions:
nom = acc
nom/acc pl = -a
Sg
Pl
Nom caput
capita
Gen
capitis
capitum
Dat
capiti
capitibus
Acc
caput
capita
Abl
capite
capitibus
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
There is a special group of 3rd declension nouns
known as i-stems, which differ from other 3rd
declensions like this:
Pl
N
Sg
Pl
Sg
M/F
Nom arx
arces
Nom mare maria
Gen
arcis
arcium
Gen
maris marium
Dat
arci
arcibus
Dat
mari
Acc
arcem arces
Acc
mare maria
Abl
arce
Abl
mari maribus
arcibus
maribus
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
There are some rules we have to help us remember
which 3rd declension nouns are i-stems:
M/F
nom. sg. ending in –is or –es, having the same number of
syllables in the nominative and genitive
nom sg. in –s or –x w/ base in 2 consonants. Most of
their nominatives are monosyllabic.
N
nom. sg. ending in –al, -ar, or –e
Ablative Uses
So far we’ve learned:
-w/ a preposition (SID SPACE)
-means/instrument - NO preposition!
-accompaniment - takes cum
-manner - takes cum
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they
modify in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE!
Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far
we’ve learned 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
Don’t be confused by their names, ANY
adjective can describe ANY noun of ANY
declension, regardless of declension, as
long as they AGREE IN GENDER, NUMBER,
AND CASE!
Adjectives
•Adjectives can be used as substantives.
•You get the stem of the adj from the
feminine or neuter form.
•There’s a group of special –ius adjectives
that have genitive singular in –ius and dative
singular in –i.
Personal Pronouns
•1st person sg: ego, mei, mihi, me, me
•2nd person sg: tu, tui, tibi, te, te
•1st person pl: nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos, nobis
•2nd person pl: vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos, vobis
•Genitives of the 1st and 2nd person are NOT for possession.
They were used as objective and partitive genitives.
–nostrum/vestrum = partitive
–nostri/vestri = objective
• is, ea, id are used as 3rd person pronouns, and the
genitives were often used for possession
Reflexive Pronouns
•Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so
they have no nominative case.
•For 1st and 2nd sg and pl, their forms are the same
as the personal pronoun
•3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl
Forms: --, sui, sibi, se, se
•Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus, noster,
vester, and suus
Verbs
Verbs have five characteristics:
1. Person
1st, 2nd, or 3rd?
2. Number
singular or plural?
3. Tense
pres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf?
4. Voice
active or passive?
5. Mood
indicative, imperative, or subjunctive?
Verbs
Verbs are divided into four groups called
conjugations.
1st conj. = -are
2nd conj. = -ēre
3rd conj. = -ere
4th conj. = -ire
There’s also a subsection of the 3rd conjugation
known as ‘3rd –io’ which often act like 4th
conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in –ere.
Verbs
The personal endings of the verbs tell us its five
characteristics.
What are the personal endings of the active voice?
-o or –m
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
Verbs
To conjugate a verb, add the personal
endings to the stem.
How do we find the present stem?
What tenses are formed off the present
stem?
How do we find the perfect stem?
What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?
Verbs: Imperatives
The singular imperative is just like the
present stem. The plural has a –te added.
amare
monēre
agere
audire
ama
monē
age
audi
amate
monēte
agite
audite
There are 4 irregular imperatives
duc, dic, fac, fer
Verbs: Present Tense
To form the present tense, just add the
personal endings to the present stem.
amo
moneo
ago
capio
audio
amas
mones
agis
capis
audis
amat
monet
agit
capit
audit
amamus monemus agimus capimus audimus
amatis
monetis
agitis
capitis
auditis
amant
monent
agunt
capiunt audiunt
Verbs: Imperfect
The imperfect tense is used for continuous or
repetitive actions in the past.
To form the imperfect, stick the infix ‘ba’ in
between the present stem and the personal
endings.
Ex: laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc
3rd –io and 4th conj. verbs have an ‘e’ between the
‘i’ and the personal endings (capiebam, audiebam,
etc)
Verbs: Future
1st and 2nd conjugations form the future with
the infix ‘bi’
(Remember: Bo will bunt)
In 3rd and 4th conjugations, the sign of the
future tense is the vowel ‘e’ (‘a’ in 1st sg)
Ex: agam, ages, aget, etc
Verbs: Future
Remember:
In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use ‘bo,’
‘bi,’ ‘bu.’
In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use ‘a’
and ‘e.’
Verbs: Sum and Possum
Present
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
Imperfect
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
Future
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in
front of them.
Verbs: Sum and Possum
Present
possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
Imperfect
poteram
poteras
poterat
poteramus
poteratis
poterant
Future
potero
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in
front of them.
Where sum begins with an ‘s,’ the ‘t’ also turns into an ‘s.’
Verbs: Perfect System
To find the stem, drop the –i off the 3rd
principal part.
Perfect Active
Indic
Pluperfect
Active Indic
Future Perfect
Active Indic
1st
-i
-eram
-ero
2nd
-isti
-eras
-eris
3rd
-it
-erat
-erit
1st
-imus
-eramus
-erimus
2nd
-istis
-eratis
-eritis
3rd
-erunt
-erant
-erint
ENDINGS
Sg.
Pl.
Verbs: Perfect System
The perfect is used to talk about an action in
the past as a single, completed event.
The pluperfect and future perfect are used
like they are in English, generally looking at
consequences of completed actions.
The perfect tenses are often used to discuss
events relative, temporally, to other events.
Verbs: Impf. and the Pf. Sys.
Tense
Usage
Latin example
Eng. translation
Imperfect
Repetative, habitual,
or ongoing event in
the past
laudabam
I was praising, I
used to praise
Pluperfect
Event in the past that
occurred before
another event in the
past
laudaveram
I had praised
Perfect
Completed event, or
completed event that
has some bearing on
the present
laudavi
I praised, I have
praised
Future Perfect
Event in the future
that occurs before
another event in the
future
laudavero
I will have praised