Kinesiology
Unit 9
1
2
• Has articulations  joints
• Ligaments: attach bone to
bone
• Tendons: attach muscle to bone
3
• OSTEOLOGY: THE STUDY OF BONES
• ARTHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF JOINTS
• MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR SOFT BODY TISSUES
PROTECTS VITAL ORGANS (EXAMPE: BRAIN WITHIN THE SKULL,
LUNGS WITHIN THE THORACIC CAGE)
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS IN RED MARROW OF MANY
BONES
PROVIDES SYSTEM OF LEVERS ALLOWING MOVEMENT
PROVIDES SHAPE TO THE BODY
MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS (BALANCE CALCIUM)
4
BONES
&
JOINTS
5
THE SKELETON CONSISTS OF 206 –
210 BONES
6
• What is bone?
- Live connective tissue
- 25% water, 25% protein, 50% crysalised mineral salts
• Wolff’s Law:
Bone is laid down (built up) where it is needed and resorbed
(broken down) where it is not needed
7
• Osteoblasts:
Bone building cells:
synthesize and secrete collagen and other organic compounds
to build up bone matrix
Osteocytes:
• Mature bone cells.
Derived from osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone
matrix…function is to exchange nutrients and waste with blood
• Osteoclasts:
Bone resorbing cells
Function to break down the bone matrix
8
• Osteoblast and osteoclast activity  maintain homeostasis in the
body…
*Greater osteoblast action: bones become too thick and heavy &
develop boney spurs
*Greater osteoclast action: lose too much calcium = brittle and
fragile bones that break easily
• So… this helps the body because:
• 1. Renews of bone tissue before deterioration sets in
• 2. Redistribution of bone matrix along the lines of mechanical stress
• 3. Enables injured bones to heal
9
o LONG BONES
o ARE LONG
o EXAMPLE: TIBIA, FIBULA, HUMERUS, RADIUS AND ILNA
o SHORT BONES
o ABOUT EQUAL IN LENGTH AND WIDTH
o EXAMPLE: BONES OF THE WRIST AND FOOT
o FLAT BONES
o USED FOR PROTECTION
o EXAMPLE: THEY MAKE UP THE VAULT OF THE SKULL, SCAPULA AND STERNUM
AND RIBS
o IRREGULAR BONES
o COMPLEX AND VARIED SHAPES
o EXAMPLE: BONES COMPRISING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, PECTORAL AND PELVIC
GIRDLES, PATELLA AND SMALLBONES OF FACE
10
11
12
13
14
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BONY SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY:
COMPACT TISSUE AND SPONGELIKE CALCELLOUS TISSUE
• TENDONS: ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE
• LIGAMENTS: ATTACH BONE TO BONE
15
16
THE JUNCTIONS OF THE LEVERS OR
SKELETAL PARTS ARE CALLED JOINTS OR
ARTICULATIONS
17
• 1. Structural composition:
What type of connective tissue binds the bones?
-E.g. Fibrous Joints
- E.g. Cartilaginous Joints
- E.g. Synovial Joints
• 2. The extent to which movement is permitted:
-E.g. synarthoses (no/ very little movement at joints)
-E.g. Amphiarthroses (partially movable joints)
-E.g. Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)
18
19
• Fibrous/ Synarthrodial joints
• Held tightly together by fibrous connective tissue
• Permit little/ no movement
20
• 1. Suture:
*Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue
*Irregular interlocking edges add strength to the joint
• 2. Syndesmosis:
*Greater distance/ space between articulating bones
* Contains more fibrous connective tissue than a suture
joint…therefore allowing slightly more movement
• 3. Gomphosis:
* Joint in which cone-shaped peg
fits into a socket
21
• Cartilaginous joints
• Held together by strong ligaments
• Slightly movable joints:
22
• 1. Syndnchrondrosis
Hyaline cartilage is the connecting substance
Primary cartilaginous joint is later replaced by bone
E.g. Ribs
• 2. Symphysis
Ends of articulating bones are covered with cartilage but bones
are connect by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
E.g. Pelvis  labour
23
• Diarthrodial/ Synovial Joints:
• Articulating surfaces of synovial joints are covered with articular
cartilage
• Cartilage ensures a smooth, frictionless surface
• Articular capsule: surrounds synovial joint and encloses the synovial
cavity
• Strong, yet flexible fibrous capsule consisting of dense, irregular
tissue
24
• Synovial membrane: Inner layer of articular surface
• Synovial fluid: Forms thin layer over articulating surface
• Synovial fluid has several functions:
1. Lubrication
2. Supplies nutrients
3. Removes waste products
Contains phagocytes
25
• 1. Planar joint: Gliding joint
- Joint surfaces are fairly flat
- Permit side to side; back to forth movements
- Non-axial  doesn’t rotate around 1 axis
- E.g. Knee, wrist
• 2. Hinge joint: Ginglymus joint
- Convex surface of 1 joint fits into concave surface of other
joint
- Produces angular opening and closing motion
- Uniaxial joint (1 axis)
E.g. Elbow or jaw
26
• 3. Pivot joint: Trochoid joint
- Rounded or pointed surface of 1 joint articulates with ring
formed partly by another bone
- Uniaxial joint
-E.g. Axis of skull
• 4. Condyloid Joint: Ellipsoidal joint
- Convex oval projection of 1 bone fits into the oval shaped
depression of another bone
Bi- axial joint
- E.g. Scaphoid and lunate bones in hand
27
• 5. Saddle Joint: Sellaris Joint
- Articular surface is saddle shaped and articulating surface of
other bone fits into the “saddle”
- Biaxial Joint
- E.g. Thumb
• 6. Ball and Socket Joint: Spherio Joint
- Ball like surface of 1 bone fits into a cup like surface of
another bone
- Multiaxial
E.g. Shoulder, hip
28
CLASS
COMMON NAME
TECHNICAL NAME
MOVEMENT
EXAMPLE
Immovable
(Synarthrodial)
Fibrous
1.Suture
2.Syndesmosis
None
1.Sutures Of Skull
2.Distal Tibiofibuls
Slightly Movable
(Amphiarthrodial)
Cartilaginous
1.Synchrondosis
2.Symphysis
Negligible (Very
little)
1.Sternocostal
2.Epiphyseal Plates
3.Pubic Symphysis
Freely Movable
(Diarthrodial)
1.Ball and Socket
2.Condyloid
3.Gliding
1.Enarthrosis
1.Triaxial
2.Ellipsoidal
3.Arthrodial
2.Braxial
3.Nonaxial
4.Ginglymus
5.Trochoid
6.Sellar
4.Uniaxial
5.Uniaxial
6.Triaxial
1.Hip and Shoulder
2.Wrist
3.Intercarpal and
Inter-tarsal
4.Elbow
5.Atlanot-Axial
6.Carpometacarpal
of the Thumb
4.Hinge
5.Pivot
6.Sadle
29
30
31