MUSCULAR STUDY GUIDE
**This is to help you study, not a guarantee of what will be on the test
1. Know the following terms and how they fit into the larger skeletal muscle structure: endomysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicle, tendon, aponeuroses, muscle fibers. Also know the level of organization (i.e. cells, tissues, organelles).
2. Know the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle:
- What is the definition of a sarcomere?
- Can you draw and label the parts of a sarcomere? A band, I band, H zone, Z disk, thin filament, thick filament, myofilament, actin, myosin, M line.
- How does a sarcomere fit into the larger structure of a muscle?
- How does a sarcomere look when it is contracted vs. relaxed? What zones change in width?
- Which filaments move when a muscle contracts? Which filaments do not?
3. Know the parts of a muscle fiber
- Define sarcolemma, motor end plate, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, T-tubules.
4. Know that a muscle fiber has to be stimulated in order to contract and how it works:
- How many muscle cells can one motor neuron control?
- How many motor neurons control one muscle cell?
- What is a motor unit?
5. Know the parts of a neuromuscular junction.
- Define axon, axon terminal, and neuromuscular junction, and synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter, Ach, motor end plate, receptor, motor end plate,
6. Know the steps that lead to an action potential.
- What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal?
- What is exocytosis and where does it occur at the neuromuscular junction?
- What is passive transport and where does it occur at the neuromuscular junction?
- What is active transport and where does it occur at the neuromuscular junction?
- How does the binding of Ach lead to an action potential?
- What is function of Na+ in generating an action potential?
- What is an action potential?
- How is an action potential like a burning twig?
- How does an action potential cause the muscle to contract?
- What is the role of T-tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
- Where is calcium stored? What is the function of calcium? When is calcium released?
- What causes filaments to slide past each other?
- Which filament has a head? Which filament has an ATPase? What is ATP needed for?
Which filament has regulatory proteins? Name these regulatory proteins.
- What is a cross bridge?
- What two cofactors/chemicals must be present for filaments to slide past each other?
** Look over the ordering activity
7. Know the steps that lead to the relaxation of a muscle fiber.
- What happens to acetylcholine?
- What membrane protein in the sarcolemma restores ion concentrations?
**Look over the ordering activity
8. Know how a whole skeletal muscle contracts.
How is contraction of a whole skeletal muscle different from contraction of single skeletal muscle fiber?
- What is a graded response?
- What are the two factors that determine a graded response?

- What is the difference between a twitch contraction and a tetanic contraction?
- What is the result of summed contractions?
- What determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?
- What is the primary role of tetanus?
9. Know how the body provides energy for muscle contractions.
- What molecule releases energy for muscles to contract?
- What are the three pathways muscles can use to regenerate ATP?
- What pathway would be used immediately after ATP stored in muscles is consumed?
- How does aerobic respiration regenerate ATP?
- How does anaerobic respiration regenerate ATP?
- How does creatine phosphate regenerate ATP?
- Describe differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- What is muscle fatigue?
- Define oxygen debt?
- How does oxygen pay back the oxygen debt? (i.e. what does it restore?)
- Define muscle tone. How does the body achieve muscle tone?
10. Know how aerobic and anaerobic exercise affects skeletal muscles. (will go over Mon).
11. Be able to label the muscles you had to label for your quizzes.
Review videos:
McGraw Hill http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/index.html
- some videos may have more info than you need; has practice quizzes to go along with the video
Youtube videos (Armando Hasundungan drawing and explaining) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_tZne9ON7c
**also may be helpful to look at the video on your webquest.