All living things are made up of cells!
Cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Animal
Plant
Protist
Fungi
All cells are made up of structures &
organelles.


Structures provide
support to the cell & its
organelles
Organelles each have
a specific “function”
(job) within the cell
 EX:
the function of the
nucleus is to control all
cell activities

ALL CELLS HAVE THESE
5 THINGS:
 Cytoplasm
 Genetic
Material
(DNA)
 Cell/Plasma
Membrane
 Ribosomes
 Cytoskeleton
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
PROKARYOTIC



Simple
Small
Have:





Capsule
Cell Wall
Genetic Material in a
Nucleoid
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement
(pili, cilia, or flagella)
EUKARYOTIC




Large
Complex
4 different types
Have:





Cell wall (Plants)
5 things in all cells
Organelles
Genetic material in a real
nucleus
Structure for movement
(cilia or flagella)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Review ?s: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic







Which type of cell is simple and small?
Which type of cell has organelles?
Which type of cell has a true nucleus that stores
genetic information?
Which type of cell has a nucleoid (scattered DNA)?
Which type of cell is protected by a capsule in
addition to a cell wall & cell membrane?
Which type of cell does not have organelles?
What are the 5 things in ALL CELLS???
All living things are made up of cells!
Cells
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Protist
Fungi
Eukaryotic Cells are large & complex.
PLANT CELLS




Square
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement
Same organelles as an
animal cell PLUS…
Chloroplast
 Cell Wall
 Large Vacuole

ANIMAL CELLS




Round
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement
Same organelles as a
plant cell except…

NO CELL WALL

ONLY have a cell/plasma
membrane
NO CHLOROPLAST
 Small vacuoles

Review Questions: Animal vs. Plant





Which type of eukaryotic cell only has a cell
membrane?
Which type of eukaryotic cell has a large, centrally
located vacuole?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is round?
Which type of eukaryotic cell uses a chloroplast for
photosynthesis?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is square?
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Structures & Organelles
Things in the cell that do work – they each are
VITAL to the cell because they have a specific
function!
Structures Around the Cell

Capsule
Prokaryotic cells
 Extra layer of protection outside of the cell wall & cell
membrane


Cell Wall


Protective, outer layer surrounding cells. Only in PLANT &
PROKARYOTIC cells.
Cell Membrane
In ALL CELLS
 Made up of a phospholipid bilayer (REMEMBER: lipids make
up membranes!)
 Selectively permeable --- lets things in & out!

A Closer Look @ the Cell/Plasma
Membrane


Lines ALL cells
Made up of a phospholipid
bilayer
Hydrophobic (water fearing)
tail
 Hydrohphilic (water loving)
head



Most of the cell membrane
is hydrophobic
Selectively Permeable =
ONLY lets things in that it
NEEDS!!!
The cell membrane is selectively
permeable.
Hydrophilic
Head
3 Ways that Cells Move!
Cilia
1.
•
•
Most common
Tiny hair-like structures surrounding the cell
Flagella
2.
•
•
Tail on the cell
Shown in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Pseudopodia
3.
•
•
LEAST COMMON
Cytoplasm extends out of the cell, sticks to surface, &
pulls cell forward
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Nucleus



Controls ALL cell
activities
Brain of the cell
Located in the center
of eukaryotic cells
 NOTE:
prokaryotic cells
DO NOT have a
nucleus
Nucleolus


Center of the nucleus
Important in protein
synthesis (creation of
proteins)
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Lysosome




The “trash can” of the
cell
Throughout the
cytoplasm
Larger than ribosomes
Remove waste & dying
organelles
Ribosome




Protein factories of the
cell
RNA
Studded on Rough E.R.
Throughout the
cytoplasm
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum



After the Rough E.R.
(which is next to the
nucleus)
Lipid synthesis
Steroid storage
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum



Closer to the nucleus
Ribosomes studded all
over it
Vital in protein
synthesis… sends
proteins to the Golgi
Apparatus, which then
go through the
membrane to leave the
cell
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Golgi Apparatus (Body)


Organize, package, &
distribute molecules to
the rest of the cell
Like a post office
Cytoplasm



Protective gel that
surrounds the entire
cell
Supports the
organelles
Ribosomes live in this
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Chloroplast



ONLY in plant cells
Home of
Photosynthesis
Chlorphyll (green
pigment)
Vacuole



Food & water storage
in the cell
PLANTS: Large &
centrally located
ANIMALS: Small & all
throughout the
cytoplasm
Cell Organelles perform specific
functions!
Mitochondria


Power house of the cell
Converts glucose into
chemical energy (ATP)
through cellular
respiration
Cytoskeleton


Network of filaments
all over the cell that
provide structure
Like the bones in a
human body
Cell Organelle Flash Cards!



Make flashcards for the following organelles using your
notes!
Remember put the name of the organelle/structure on 1 side
& the definition/description on the other
Make a flashcard for the following:









Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Lysosome
Smooth E.R.
Rough E.R.
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Movement (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia)
Cytoskeleton
Molecules move in/out cells through the
Cell/Plasma Membrane
REMEMBER: the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid
bilayer, that has a hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head.
Hydrophobic = Water-fearing Hydrophilic = Water-loving
The majority of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, so
hydrophobic molecules will pass through more easily.
EX: a lipid molecule will pass more easily than an H2O
molecule
Cellular Transport through the Cell
Membrane can happen in a couple ways…
Cellular
Transport
Passive
Simple
Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active
Osmosis
Active
Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Passive Cellular Transport
Simple Diffusion
1.


Facilitated Diffusion
2.


3.
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
Easiest form of transport – hydrophobic molecules use
this!!!
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
through a protein channel
Hydrophilic molecules use this form of transport – protein
channels are special passage ways that let them in
Osmosis: Movement of water through a membrane from
area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Passive Transport Examples
Active Cellular Transport
Active Transport
1.


Moves against the concentration gradient by going from low
concentration to high concentration
Requires ATP (ATP: stands for adenosine triphosphate energy
bearing molecule found in all living cells.) to do this!
Endocytosis
2.


The process that allows macromolecules to enter the cell (bulk
transport)
Requires ATP (energy)
Exocytosis
3.


The process that allow macromolecules to leave the cell (bulk
transport)
Requires ATP (energy)
So what’s the difference? ENERGY
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Osmosis

Solutions are a mixture of a solvent & solute
 Solute
= solid item in a solution (EX: salt)
 Solvent = liquid solute is dissolved in (EX: water)
 Solution EX: salt water

The movement of water in the direction of the
greater amount of solute concentration
 EX:
if a cell was in a cup full of salt water, the water in
the cell will move out of the cell to the solution, making
the cell shrivel

Type of passive cellular transport BUT ONLY
INVOLVES WATER!
Why does cellular transport happen?
Cells NEED molecules in order to stay alive &
healthy (EX: cells need oxygen)

Cells sometimes have too much of a molecule & will
burst if they don’t get rid of it

If the cell & the outside environment are in
equilibrium, cellular transport will not happen

Chemical Reactions in the Cell
There are major chemical processes that happen in
the cell that allow cells & organisms to function.
(1) Photosynthesis
(2) Cellular Respiration
How do organisms get energy?


EATING & DRINKING!
In the food web of life there are producers &
consumers
 Plants
= Producers
 Producers
 Animals,
use photosynthesis to make their own food!
humans, etc = Consumers
 Consumers
eat producers or eat other consumers who eat
producers…so consumers need photosynthesis to happen!
Photosynthesis




Reactants (inputs) = Air
(CO2), H2O, Light Energy
Products (outputs) =
Carbohydrate (Glucose)
& Oxygen (O2)
Chloroplasts, location of
photosynthesis, in plant
cells absorb energy from
the sunlight
Purpose: convert solar
energy into sugar
(energy)
Photosynthesis (continued…)
Cellular Respiration allows consumers
to use the energy from Photosynthesis!




Reactants (inputs) =
Glucose & Oxygen
Products (outputs) =
H2O, CO2, ATP (energy)
Purpose = convert
glucose produced from
Photosynthesis into
energy that our cells can
use (ATP)
Takes place in the
mitochondria
Cellular Respiration (continued…)