PERIOD 5: Industrialization & Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900
Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization & Global Capitalism
I.
Industrialization fundamentally changed production
A. Causes of Industrialization: 1) Europe’s geographic location (rivers, canals, ocean access); 2) Distribution
of coal, iron, & timber; 3) European demographic changes incl. urbanization; 4) improved ag. productivity;
5) legal protection of private property; 6) access to foreign resources; 7) accumulation of capital
B. Consequences & Developmental Milestones: 1) fossil fuel-based machines; 2) factory system concentrated
location of labor & led to increased specialization; 3) spread from NW Europe to other parts of Europe,
U.S., Russia, Japan; 4) 2nd Industrial Rev (steel, chemicals, electricity, precision machinery) late 1800s
II.
Search for raw materials & new markets led to new patterns of global trade & production, promoted
integration of global economy
A. Factories needed raw materials & people needed food=growth in single-product export economies (cotton,
rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano, metals & minerals), profits buy finished goods
B. Industrial Revolution contributed to decline of agriculturally-based economies (Russia, China, textiles in India)
C. Industrial Revolution encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their
finished goods (British & French attempts to “open” Chinese market in 19th c.)
D. Need for specialized metals & global demand for gold/silver/diamonds as wealth led to development of
extensive mining centers (copper mines in Mexico, gold & diamond mines in South Africa)
III.
Financial institutions facilitated investments at all levels of industrial production
A. Adam Smith & John Stuart Mill: laissez-faire capitalism & economic liberalism
B. Financial instruments expanded (stock markets, insurance, gold standard, limited liability corp.’s)
C. Global trade/production contributed to transnational businesses (United Fruit Company, HSBC)
IV.
Transportation & Communication (railroads, steamships, telegraphs, canals)
V.
Responses to Global Capitalism
A. Industrialized states: workers organized to improve conditions, others promoted alternative visions of
society (Utopian socialism, Marxism, anarchism)
B. Qing & Ottoman: part of government resisted change
C. Small # of states promoted their own visions of industrialization: 1) Meiji economic reforms, 2) Russian
factories & railroads, 3) Self-strengthening in China, 4) cotton industry in Egypt
D. Criticism of capitalism caused some governments to promote reforms to mitigate negatives (state pensions
& public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage in Britain, public education in many states)
VI.
New global economy affected the ways people organized themselves
A. New social classes, including middle class & industrial working class, developed
B. Family dynamics, gender roles, & demographic changed in response to industrialization
C. Rapid urbanization often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community
Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
I.
Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires
A. States with existing colonies strengthened their control (British in India, Dutch in Indonesia)
B. European states (British, Dutch, French, German, Russian), Americans & Japan established empires,
Spanish/Portuguese influence declined
C. Europeans used warfare & diplomacy to establish empires in Africa (Britain in W. Africa, Belgium in Congo)
D. Europeans established settler colonies (British in S. Africa, Australia & New Zealand; French in Algeria)
E. Economic imperialism (Opium Wars in China, British & US heavily invest in Latin America)
II.
Imperialism influenced state formation & contraction around the world
A. Expansion of US & European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to emergency of Meiji Japan
B. US, Russia, Qing emulated European imperialism
C. Anti-imperial resistance led to contraction of the Ottoman Empire (independent states in Balkans, semiindependence in Egypt, French & Italian colonies in North Africa, later British influence in Egypt)
D. New states developed on imperial edges (Cherokee Nation, Siam, Hawai’i, Zulu Kingdom)
E. Rise of nationalism fostered new communal identities (German nation, Filipinos, Liberia)
III.
New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated & justified imperialism
Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform
I.
Enlightenment thought questioned traditions & often preceded revolutions
A. Applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships (Voltaire, Rosseau)
B. Critiqued public role of religion, insisted on reason, not revelation
C. Developed ideas about individual, natural rights, & the social contract (Locke, Montesquieu)
D. Influenced resistance to existing political authority in revolutionary documents (American Dec. of
Independence, French Decl. of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter)
E. Challenged existing ideas of social relations, led to expanded suffrage, abolition of slavery & serfdom
II.
Peoples developed new sense of commonality beginning c. 1700
A. Based on language, religion, social customs, territory
B. Peoples linked their identity to the state; gov’ts used this idea to unite diverse populations
III.
Enlightenment ideas & discontent propelled reformist & revolutionary movements
A. Subjects challenged centralized imperial governments (Marathas vs. Mughal sultans)
B. Revolutions: American, French, Haiti, Latin America
C. Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas (Maroon societies)
D. Anti-colonial movments (Indian Revolt of 1857, Boxer Rebellion)
E. Some rebellions influenced by religious ideas (Taiping Rebellion, Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing)
F. Responses to rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies (Tanzimat, Self-Strengthening Movements)
IV.
European political/social thought stimulated new transnational ideologies & solidarities
A. Discontent w/rule led to new political ideologies: liberalism, socialism, & communism
B. Demands for women’s suffrage & emergent feminism challenged political/gender hierarchies (Mary
Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of
Women and the Female Citizen, resolutions passed at Seneca Falls Conference 1848)
Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration
I.
Demographic changes encouraged migration
A. Food production & improved medical conditions led to significant rise in global population
B. New transportation=increase in internal/external migrants to cities, significant 19th c. global urbanization
II.
Migrants’ motivations
A. Voluntary, usually in search of work (manual laborers, specialized professionals)
B. Global capitalist economy relied on coerced & semi-coerced labor (slavery, Chinese & Indian indentured
servitude, convict labor)
C. Many migrants permanently relocated, but some temporary/seasonal & returned home (Japanese
agricultural workers in Pacific, Lebanese merchants in Americas, Italians in Argentina)
III.
Consequences & reactions to the increasing social diversity
A. Physical nature of labor meant most migrants were male, women at home took on new roles
B. Ethnic enclaves helped transplant culture into new environments & create migrant support networks
(Chinese in Southeast Asia, Caribbean, S. America & N. America; Indians in E. & southern Africa, Caribbean,
southeast Asia)
C. Immigrants often not welcomed—prejudiced, states attempted to regulate immigration (Chinese Exclusion
Acts, White Australia Policy)