Section # 2-Industrialization: Case Study: Manchester-Read pages 258-262, then
answer the following:
1. Write down the Main Idea of this section: The factory system changed the way
people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems.
2. What were some of the benefits for people as a result of industrialization?
Better quality of life, jobs
3. What is meant by the term urbanization? City building and movement of
people to cities.
4. List two specific facts that illustrate this trend of urbanization
Cities of over 100,000 people increased from 22 to 47
Urban areas doubled/quadrupled
5. What were five problems with living conditions in England’s cities?
No development plans, no sanitary codes, no building codes, no adequate
housing, no education, poor police protection, unpaved streets, no drains, no
garbage collection
6. What is Cholera? Bacterial intestinal disease
7. Describe three things that demonstrate poor working conditions in the factories
14 hour days, 6 day work weeks, not well lit, no government programs to
protect workers when injured (life span in city: 17, life span in country: 38)
8. What is meant by the term middle class? Social class of skilled workers,
professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
8. What were six positive effects of the Industrial revolution?
Jobs, national wealth, technological progress/inventions, production of goods,
higher standard of living, hope of improvement
9. Mills of Manchester:
a. Describe the typical working conditions for children in the mills of
Manchester: 6 day work week; 12-14 hour days with ½ hour lunch
and 1 hour dinner; beaten to keep awake. Some as young as 6 years
old.
b. What happened to the Thames River? (see box on the left side of pg 262)
Polluted/poisoned
Section # 3- Industrialization Spreads- Read pages 263-266, then answer the following:
1. What factors in the United States contributed to industrialization?
Similar to those in Great Britain, rivers, natural resources
(coal/iron ore), labor, harbors. War of 1812 made US more selfsufficient, industry grew.
2. Explain how Samuel Slater contributed to the Industrial Revolution in the
United States? Slater built a spinning machine by memory and began
production of thread. Moses Brown used Slater’s machines to build
and operate the first textile factory in the US.
3. What made the Lowell factory system unique? Mechanized every stage of
cloth manufacturing. All in one building. Lowell Girls.
4. What factors led to industrial expansion in the last half of the 1800’s?
Technological boom after the Civil War. Resources such as oil, coal,
and iron. Inventions such as the light bulb and telegraph/telephone.
Urban population growth for labor.
5. What is a corporation? Business owned by stockholders.
6. What were two major corporations and who were the owners?
Standard Oil/John D. Rockefeller
Carnegie Steel/Andrew Carnegie
7. How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?
Industrialized nations needed resources and markets from less
developed nations, exploited colonies for these resources and markets
8.
How did industrialization help transform society? Gave countries
economic power; revolutionized daily life; life expectancy increased;
health and wealth increased; education improved; democratic
participation increased; social reforms
Section 4- An Age of Reforms- Read pages 267-272
1. Define: Laissez faire: “Hands off”, no government interference in industry,
trade, ecomony
2. What was the role of government as it relates to trade according to the doctrine of
laissez faire economics? An unregulated, free market economy
3. Identify the following:
a. Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations; Father of Capitalism
b. Capitalism: Private ownership of means of production, industry
c. Thomas Malthus: population will grow faster than food supply, need
wars, diseases, and famines to keep the population down
d. David Ricardo: a permanent underclass will always be poor, supply and
demand: if a lot of workers and resources prices will be low, if scarce
workers and resources, prices will be high
e. Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham, judge ideas, institutions, and actions on
the basis of utility (usefulness).
f. Utopia: Robert Owen, perfect living place, New Harmony
g. Socialism: public ownership of means of production and property, for the
benefit of all
4. Describe the philosophy of Karl Marx
Industrialization has caused a society of “haves and have-nots”, wanted a classless
society where all means of production were owned by the people and no private
property. A Dictatorship of the Proletariat.
5. Looking at the chart on the top of page 270, highlight the major differences between
Capitalism and Marxism:
Capitalism
Marxism
Private ownership
Owner’s self-interests
Competition
Consumer driven
Laissez-Faire
Public ownership
Cooperate for the good of all
Community protects the workers
Equal wealth
According to ones’ needs
6. Define:
a. unions: Workers join together voluntarily.
b. Collective bargaining: negotiations between workers and employers
together
c. Strike: refuse to work
d. AFL: American Federation of Labor; Sam Gompers, 1st national union
7. How were children protected by some of the new reform laws?
No one under 9 allowed to work. Children 9-12 no more than 8 hour days.
Children 13-17, no more than 12 hour days. No children allowed to work
underground in mines.
9. In what year was slavery abolished in the following countries:
a. England 1833
b. United States 1865
c. Puerto Rico 1873
d. Cuba 1886
e. Brazil 1888
10. What were the contributions of:
Jane Addams: Settlement houses
Horace Mann: Free public education
5.