William Chia
1st Period WHH
World History Honors 1st Final Study Guide
1. B.C.E and C.E.---Prior to the birth of Christ is B.C.E. (Before the Common Era), replacing
B.C. usage. The time following the birth of Christ is referred to as C.E. (Common Era) rather
than A.D.
2. Learning the Past---Historians used artifacts, geological evidence, archaeology, and written
documents.
3. Organizing Time Periods---
4. How Textbooks Organize History---
5. History vs. Prehistory---Writing separates the two
6. Purpose and Definitions of Creation Myths---Creation myths are stories of how the world
began and how people first came to inhabit it.
7. Creation Myths Examples--- Ishmael,
8. Ishmael---It is a story about when Ishmael, a gorilla, is talking to an 8th grader and trying to
show him that humans aren’t the center of the universe. He used a metaphor about jellyfish
and how they think they’re the center of the universe. Ishmael talks about Takers and
Leavers and how the turning point in history was agriculture.
9. Evolution Theory---Charles Darwin created the evolution theory. The theory of evolution was
the concept that existing animals an plants developed by a process of gradual, continuous
change from previously existing forms.
10. Natural Selection---The process of which favorable traits that are heritable become more
common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and
unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common. Example: White moth-White
Tree= Survive, Black Moth-Black Tree= Doesn’t Survive.
11. Emergence of Homo Sapiens---
12. Difference of Multi-regionalist and Out-of Africa Theories--- The Multi-regionalist Theory is
the belief that Homo-Sapiens first appeared in several different places around Earth. The Out-of
Africa Theory is the belief that Homo-Sapiens first appeared in Africa and spread to other areas.
13. Characteristic of Hunter-Gathering Societies---
14. Influence of Paleolithic Humans on Surroundings---
15. Paleolithic Definition---
16. Why Study Paleolithic?---
17. Agricultural Revolution---
18. Jared Diamond Arguments---
19. Ice Age Significance---
20. Neolithic Definition---
21. Characteristics of Neolithic Era---
22. Characteristics of Chiefdoms---
23. Characteristics of Agricultural Villages---
24. Kinship--- A common ancestry, in chiefdoms, settle with family
25. Definitions of “Civilizations”--- Government Structure, organized, hierarchy, bureaucracy,
Writing came along with this.
26. Patriarchy and Different Reasons Why it Came About--27. Diffusion--- Agricultural techniques, “Cultural Diffusion”, language, religion, customs,
traditions
28. Characteristics of Earliest Cities---
29. Importance and Function of Writing---
30. Importance and Function of Governments---
31. Role of Government in Early River Valley Civilizations--- 1st priority is to protect the water
supplies because it was the base for a civilization.
32A. Characteristics of Egypt---
32B. Characteristics of Mesopotamia--33. Characteristics of Hammurabi’s Code---
34A. Characteristics of Indus Valley---
34B. Characteristics of Zhou Dynasty---
35. Characteristics All Classical Empires Share---
36. Characteristics of Persian Empire---
37. Zoroastrianism--- From Persia, Monotheistic, Believes in Good vs. Evil Gods.
38. Ancient Athens vs. Ancient Sparta---
39. Characteristics of Greek Golden Age---
40. Significance of Socrates--41. Plato’s Republic---People who should lead were philosopher-kings. There shouldn’t be
democracy in the traditional government because people who are “dumb” overrun the few smart
people. Tyranny of the Majority, Allegory of the Cave:only philosopher to “really see the light”.
42. Significance of Aristotle---
43. Characteristics of Greek and Persian Wars---
44. Characteristics of the Peloponnesian War---
45. Significance of Phillip of Macedonia---
46. Hellenistic Era---It was a mix of Greek and Persian culture when Alexander the Great was
ruling.
47. Plebeians vs. Patricians--- Patricians are wealthy citizens who don’t work for a living and are
allowed to vote in the Assembly, while Plebeians are citizens who do work for a living and can
also vote in the Assembly.
48. Republic vs. Democracy---Republic:Vote for “middle man” to represent you in political
activities. Direct Democracy: Individuals vote in all the issues, This is what U.S. government is.
49. Explain the Officials in Roman Republic
(49.A) Assembly--- This is where the Plebeians and Patricians meet up to vote for
Consuls, Magistrates, and Tribunes. Women and slaves weren’t allowed to vote.
(48.B) Senate--- These are the officials who give advice to the consuls and the emperor.
Senators were retired magistrates.
(49.C) Tribunes--- Tribunes are elected by the Assembly and they make sure the people
are all treated fairly.
(49.D) Magistrates--- Magistrates are voted by the Assembly and make sure keep law
and order. They also look after Rome’s finances. When the Magistrates retire, they
become a Senator.
50. Pax Romana--- The Roman peace treaty with Arabia for 200 years after Augustus Caesar.
51. Why Roman Empire Expanded---
52. Accomplishments of: Augustus Caesar, Trajan, Hadrian, Diocletian, Constantine
(52.A) Augustus Caesar--- Augustus Caesar was adopted by Julius Caesar and
inherited
the emperor position, money, and the Roman army when Julius died.
(52.B) Trajan--- Trajan, a very admirable emperor, expanded Rome to the farthest
extent. He had a strong military and he treated the Roman soldiers. Also, he created the
Column of Trajan and lowered taxes.
(52.C) Hadrian--- 3rd of “The Five Great Emperors”. He created Hadrian's Wall, which
defended Rome from Barbarians.
(52.D) Diocletian--- Reunited Rome and he created the tetrarchy, which is where there
are 4 rulers of 4 separate areas. Split the Roman Empire into East and West.
(52.E) Constantine--- He converted Rome to Christianity and he reformed the currency
system.
53. Women’s Roles in Rome---
54. How the Conquered Were Treated by Rome---
55. Slave Revolts of Rome---
56. Reasons for Persecution of Jesus and Christians---
57. Christianity in Roman Empire---Christianity was not accepted at first. Nero had Christians
blamed for the fire of Rome. Persecuted them because they refused to worship the emperor.
Constantine accepted Christianity on his deathbed, but it doesn’t becoime the official religion of
the Roman Empire until Theodosius II. The Edict of Sophia legalizes Christianity through the
Eastern half of empire, while The Edict of Milan legalized Christianity throughout whole empire.
58. St. Paul’s Significance---
59. Appeal of Christianity to Citizens in Roman Empire--60. Rome’s Decline and Fall--61. Roman Empire and Modern America’s Similarities---
62. Characteristics of Judaism---
63. Characteristics of Christianity---
64. Historical Jesus vs. Divine Jesus---
65. Buddha and Jesus Similarities---
66. Why Historians Study Religions--67.Characteristics of Hinduism---It is the world’s oldest living religion, the world’s 3rd largest
religion, and it originated in India 4,000 years ago. There is no prophet and it has many sacred
texts including the Vedas. All of Hinduism’s gods are manifestations of Brahman, the universal
spirit. 3 of the major gods are Brahma, the generator, Vishnu, the operator, and Shiva, the
destroyer. Hinduism includes a caste system, which is the social class system.
(67.A) Karma--- Concept that good will happen to someone if the person does good
deeds, while bad will happen to the person if he does bad deeds
(67.B) Dharma---Do your dharma get good karma, which is following the caste system
(67.C) Atman(Hinduism or Buddhism)--- It is the individual soul, or oneself.
(67.D) Moksha---Union with Brahman or release from suffering.
(67.E) Reincarnation---For a soul to be born again after death.
68. Ramayana(Hinduism)---It is about Prince Rama and his wife, Sita. Also, it’s about following
your caste, which mis basically Dharma.
69. Mahabharata(Hinduism)---A poem that contains 100,000 couplets which contains the
Bhagavad Gita.
70. Bhagavad Gita(Hinduism)---It is about warring families/ Cousins fighting against oneanother.
71. Significance of Caste System and All Four Levels(Plus Untouchables)---The caste system is
the social class system in Hinduism. There are a total of five classes including Brahman,
Kshatriya, Vaishyas, Shudras, and the untouchables(Listed from greater to lower classes).
Brahmans contain priests, teachers, and judges. Kshatriyas contain warriors and large land
owners. The Vaishyas, mostly filled with people of commerce, contains farmers and merchants.
The lowest class, the Shudras, contains laborers and merchants. Below the Shudras are the
“untouchables”, who don’t have a varna destination. The “untouchables” are mostly people who
work in dirty jobs like scavenging and leather-working.
(71.A) Define Varna(Hinduism)---The Great Classes or the Social Classes.
(71.B) Define Jati(Hinduism)--- The thousands of jobs within each social class of the
Caste System.
72. Characteristics of Buddhism---Founded by Siddartha Guatama in India 525 B.C.E.,
Buddhism is the 4th largest religion worldwide. There are around 380 millions Buddhists
worldwide. They believe that everybody sufferers and the main cause is greed. The 2 types of
Buddhism are Theravada and Mahayana.
(72.A) Dhamma(Buddhism)--- It is a set of ethics associated with Ashoka.
(72.B) Samsara(Buddhism or Hinduism)--- It is the release from the cycle of
reincarnation.
(72.C) Nirvana(Hinduism or Buddhism)--- The state of being free from suffering or
reincarnation. It is also known as the place where people who’ve experienced
Samsara go.
73. Ashoka/Asoka---Ashoka was a Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty around 274 to 232
B.C.E. At first he was a vicious and ruthless leader who conquered all those around him. He
waged the Kalinga War and converted from Hinduism to Buddhism after he witnessed the
deaths during the war. Also, he created 33 edicts what are called the Edicts of Ashoka.
74. Qin Dynasty--- The Qin Dynasty, ruled by Shi Huangdi, lasted from 221 to 207 B.C.E. Shi
Huangdi was a ruthless leader that unified China, increased trade, and created the Great
Wall. During the Qin Dynasty, the people followed Legalism. The army in the Qin Dynasty
was called the Terra Cotta Army. In the Qin Dynasty, coinage was invented and the axels
and weights were standardized.
75. Legalism--- Legalism was founded by Han Feizi. It promotes that Scholars > Farmers >
Artisans > Merchants > Slaves/Convicts. Legalism was strictly based on laws and rules and
believed that common people were too “dumb” to be able to make their own decisions. IT was
used during the Qin Dynasty.
76. Confucianism--- Confucianism, founded by Confucius, believes that the answer to all
problems are moral examples from leaders. Confucianism is contained of unequal
relationships. The unequal relations are from filial piety and includes Ruler to Ruled, Father
to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder Brother to Younger Brother, Friend to Friend. A important
text of Confucianism are the Analects. Confucianism=m was popular during the Han
Dynasty.
77. Daoism---Daoism, founded by Laozi, encouraged individualistic actions. Daoists believe that
the way was to connect with all of nature and ridiculed politics and social status. A important text
of Daoism was Daodejing. Daoism was popular during the Han Dynasty.
78. Chinese Society---The Chinese Society is made up of unequal relations are from filial piety
and includes Ruler to Ruled, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder Brother to Younger Brother,
Friend to Friend. A important text of Confucianism are the Analects. Confucianism=m was
popular during the Han Dynasty.
79. Chinese Women--- The women in China were treated as inferiors compared to men. There
are three obediences that they must follow, which are Father > Woman, Husband > Woman,
Son > Woman. Also, women were not allowed to choose wether they could divorce. It was up to
either the husband or the father. They were not allowed to divorce if the wife had no family to go
back to.
80. Sui Dynasty---
81. Tang Dynasty--- The Tang Dynasty, part of the golden age, was ruled partly by Empress
Wu, the first woman emperor. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, they ran civil service
exams which allowed, if passed, to get into bureaucracy. The Grand Canal was created and
the Song and Tong Dynasties were in the Golden Age, where only growth and expansion
happened
82. Song Dynasty---The Song Dynasty, part of the golden age, was ruled partly by Empress Wu,
the first woman emperor. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, they ran civil service exams
which allowed, if passed, to get into bureaucracy. The Grand Canal was created and the Song
and Tong Dynasties were in the Golden Age, where only growth and expansion happened
83. Population Growth Problems--- A problem during the Tang and Song Dynasties was the
population growth.
84. Society, economy, government, and internal/external threats of Roman and Chinese
Empires---
85. Chinese Tribute System---The Chinese was a dominant empire that conquered all around
them. They forced other civilizations to give them things or else China would have waged war.
86. Korean Relationship with China--- Religions assimilated was Buddhism. They traded a lot of
clothing, silk, fancy teas. Korea still kept their political independence when they assimilated with
China. Schools taught Confucianism. Women weren’t treated well and they belonged to their
husband.
87. Japanese Relationship with China---Religions assimilated was Buddhism. Japan was never
conquered by China. Japan stole art, architecture, and medicine. Schools taught Buddhism.
Since Japan didn’t have Confucian values, women were treated well and they were allowed to
divorce.
88. Chinese Buddhism in 9th Century--- Buddhism in Asia became less popular, while
Confucianism became more popular.
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