Honors Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Study Guide
Know the following:
Anatomical terms for:
Body planes/sections
body regions
Anatomical directions
body cavities
The anatomical position
11 organ systems: their functions & which organs are in each organ system
The necessary life functions: movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism. Excretion, reproduction, growth
Homeostasis:
Parts of a feedback loop
negative feedback loop & examples
Positive feedback loop & examples
Cell membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer
what types of substances can diffuse across the membrane
Transport proteins
3 types of passive transport
Cholesterol
3 types of active transport
Cell-surface markers
ion channels
Phagocytosisshort
Cell organelles: identification & functions
Cell junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, intercalated discs
Tissues: all 4 types & their subtypes: identify pictures, know functions, know what types of organs you would see them in
Integumentary system:
Functions of skin & accessory organs of skin
Layers of skin
cells found in skin & their functions
Homeostatic imbalances
Skeletal system:
Axial vs. appendicular
bone cells and their functions
Compact vs. spongy bone
flat, long, short, irregular bones
Major bones of face, skull, ribs, sternum, clavicle, arms & legs
Parts of a long bone
Homeostatic imbalances
types of joints
Muscular system:
3 muscle types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac: identify, characteristics of, & functions
Muscle movements @ joints: abduction, adduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, hyperexternsion, dorsiflexion, plantar
flexion, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, opposition
Neuromuscular junctions: parts & functions of
Nervous system
CNS, PNS
parts of a neuron
Afferent (sensory) division
efferent (motor) division
Functions of nervous system
neuroglial cells: identify and functions
Nodes of Ranvier
myelin
Synapse
neurotransmitters
Interneurons
bipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
Depolarization
nerve impulse
Action potential
reflex arc: all parts
Major lobes of brain
gray matter
White matter
corpus callosum
Thalamus
hypothalamus
Limbic system
pituitary gland
Ventricles of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
Brain stem
midbrain
Pons
medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
central canal of spinal cord
Meninges: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Blood brain barrier
Cranial nerves I – XII: names and major function
ANS (autonomic nervous system)
parasympathetic division: effects
Sympatheticdivision: effects
ganglion
Special Senses:
Eye: parts of eye, light pathway thru the eye, nerve pathway from retina  occipital lobe
Ear: parts & functions of each
Olfactory epithelium
taste buds: 5 major tastes
Endocrine system:
Functions
hormones: types, mechanisms of action
Major endocrine organs: functions, identification of picture, hormones that turn them on, hormones that they release:
Hypothalamus, anterior & posterior pituitary, thyroid, pineal, thymus, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes,
Homeostatic imbalances
Blood:
Functions
plasma
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
plasma cells
Hemoglobin vs hematocrit
functions of major blood cells
Blood typing
Cardiovascular system:
Functions
heart chambers
Direction of flow of blood thru heart  pulmonary circulation  heart  systemic circulation
Layers of heart
all heart valves
Heart sounds
blood vessels (all types)
Differences between arteries & veins
major arteries & veins we covered in class
Blood pressure:diastolic & systolic numbers (what they represent)
Homeostatic imbalances
Immune system
Lymph
B cells
T cells
plasma cells
Memory cells
natural killer cells
1st, 2nd & 3rd lines of defense
lymph nodes
Thymus gland
nonspecific body defenses
Specific body defenses
inflammatory response
Antibodies
antigens
Passive immunity
active immunity
Vaccinations
organ transplants
Homeostatic imbalances
Respiratory system:
Functions
nose: parts, functions
Pharynx: parts, functions
larynx
Trachea
bronchial tree
Alveoli
lungs
Transfer of gases
pulmonary function tests
Respiratory control (respiratory center)
homeostatic imbalances
Digestive system: (be able to identify all organs)
Functions
mouth: teeth, taste buds, tongue, salivary glands
Oropharynx
epiglottis
Esophagus
stomach: parts, sphincters, mucosa, secretions, chime
Duodenum
liver: functions, secretion
Gall bladder: function
pancreas: enzymes secreted, pancreatic duct
Bile duct
bile
Jejunum
ileum: ileocecal valve
Cecum
appendix
Ascending colon
transverse colon
Descending colon
sigmoid colon
Rectum
anus
Layers of GI tract
peristalsis
Teniae coli
flatus
Homeostatic imbalances
Reproductive system
Functions
meiosis
Testes: structure, identification,
semifierous tubules
Epididymis
vas deferens
Prostate gland
ejaculatory duct
Cowper’s gland (bulbourethral)
urethra
Seminal vesicles
semen
Penis (parts)
spermatogenesis
Sperm (parts)
hydrocele
Vasectomy
testosterone
Hormones acting on testes & made by testes
Females:
Ovaries (parts, hormones acting on them, produced by them)
Fallopian tubes
uterus (parts, layers)
Primary follicles
secondary follicles
Corpus luteum
corpus albicans
Ovulation
cervix (types of epithelium, mucus)
Corona radiata
zona pellucida
Vagina
vulva (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, Bartholins glands)
Ovarian cycle
endometrial cycle
Fertilization
implantation
Embryo stage
fetal stage
Lactation (hormones actions)
hormones that are secreted by placenta
Placentation
homeostatic imbalances of male & female reproductive systems