Guided Reading notes- ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE COMPLETED BY THE END OF THE
UNIT.
CHAPTER 7 INTRO, 7.1, 7.2.1 ONLY
1. Thetext mentions a chinook salmon having behavioral instructions and having instincts. What
instincts do you believe humans are born with?
2.Why is the cartoon titled "actually, sex just isn't that important to me funny?
3. Define adaptability and name one item from home you will miss when you adapt to university
life?
4. Define learning-
5. What are the three types of learning we will examine in this chapter? (When you write down
the third answer, remember the Tough Guise video)
6. What one word did Locke, Hume, and Aristotle use to describe how we learn?
7. Name 1 piece of evidence that clearly shows we pick up these associations at a young age?
How do you feel when you hear the music to the movie Jaws (if you don't know it, put it on?
8. Explain if Mr. Vora was correct in the following scenario according to Siegal's 2005 researchHe told his friend Mark who used to smoke, he can hang out in the same place she used to, but
just has to have stronger willpower when it comes to nicotine. If no, why?
9. Define habituation and give advice to a coach who yells at his or her teams all the time and
expects the same results?
10. Define associative learning and then think of a bell ringing in school. What do you pair the
bell with in your mind?
11. Explain the story of the 11 Mexican gray wolves in 5 bulletpoints?
12. Create a Four tiered chart and explain conditioning, CC, and OC, and observational learning?
(Those are abbreviations)
13. Draw a picture to the following story- Ivan Pavlov rang a bell and it is psychologies most
famous experiment.
14. Define Classical Conditioning-
15. T or F- Watson thought inner feelings, motives, and feelings were the ONLY thing worth
studying in psychology.
16. T or F- John Watson is the father of behaviorism.
17. Define behaviorism-
18. T or F- Watson and Pavlov thought “mentalistic” psychology was a joke because it wasn’t a
true science.
19. Explain Pavlov’s career pursuits from ages 33-53 and 53-83?
20. Describe Pavlov’s experiment in 5 bulletpoints?
21. DRAW TABLE 16.3 into your NOTES-
22. (feel free to use abbreviations in definitions but don’t be lazy) Define Unconditioned
Response; Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus (Hint- if
something is unconditioned- it is reflexive and automatic; if something is conditioned- there is a
learned response)
23. Check for understanding- You live in a dorm room next year with a scalding hot shower,
which causes you to move away quickly. After several associations with the sound of the shower
starting, you move away from the shower. What is the US, UR, CS, CR?
24. Explain what is the point of the Peanuts cartoon?
25. Define acquisition-
26. The text mentions a ½ second is ideal for acquisition. Why do you believe the pairing has to
be happen so quickly? What happens when US appears before the CS?
27. Explain Domjan’s 2005 study on the power of a CS?
28. Fill in the following- Conditioning helps an animal ___________ and __________, by
responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and __________
___________.
29. Define high-order conditioning-
30. Read Andy Field’s 2006 study on British children novel cartoon characters. Explain how a
marketer can use this knowledge to help ones company?
31. Explain Olson and Fazio’s 2001 study on Pokeman characters in 5 bulletpoints?
32. Draw Figure 6.5 into your notes and summarize the caption
33. Define extinction and spontaneous recovery-
34. Read Tirell’s story on the onion breath, blah, blah. Think of a time when you knew every
word to a song, then didn’t hear it for awhile, and then heard one word, what happened? (No
need to write, just think)
35. Define generalization-
36. Explain how generalized anxiety response appears in children who experience child abuse?
37. Explain how childlike facial features could hinder the career of a 40 year old lawyer who
practices in court?
38. Define discrimination-
39. Come with your own example on how slightly different stimuli can be followed by vastly
different consequences?
7.2.2 and 7.2.3 Guided Reading Questions
1. If Mr. Vora agreed with Pavlov and Watson about their views about nurture being of the utmost
importance, would he make the following statement, “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.” (yes or
no and why?)
2. What are cognitive processes?
3. What does the term cognition mean to you? (hint- think)
4. Explain Rescorla and Wagner’s 1972 study on cognitive processes in 3 bulletpoints (key on the terms
predictability and expectancy)?
5. Read the paragraph on alcohol dependency and self induced nausea. The simply would mean we
could condition an alcoholic to stop drinking. Name the one term that would cause the conditioning to
not worl?
6. Explain why the following quote would be of great harm to ethicists?
Gregory Kimble proclaimed in 1956, “Just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be
conditioned and… these responses can be conditioned to any stimulus that the organism can perceive”
7. Was he correct or incorrect? What did he learn?
8. Explain the two remarkable findings in Garcia and Koelling’s 1966 study?
9. How is taste aversion relevant to humans? What do you believe you have developed a taste aversion
to? (what foods did you eat prior to sickness that may have caused you to dislike food)
10. What does the bird example (Nicolaus, 1983) tell us about adaption?
11. Explain in 3 bulletpoints the relationship between the color red and woman’s sexuality?
12. Did Elliot and Niesta’s experiment surprise you?
13. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) once said, important ideas are first ridiculed, then attacked, and
finally taken for granted. What is an idea that you have had that is original or outside of the box? (if this
question is difficult for you, why do you believe this has happened?
14. Why was Gustavson’s 1974, 1976 study a win-win for both animals involved?
15. What is the point of Neese’s 1991 study on nausea? (answer should be less than 8 words)
16. Draw Figure 7.9 into your notes. (Hint- memorize this- it is a possible essay question for the next
exam)
17. Explain why Hall’s 1979 study along with Burish & Carey, 1986; Davey, 1992 study may suggest that
cancer patients should be treated in different settings?
18. Explain why the bad Great White song, “Once bitten, twice shy” makes sense from a learning
perspective?
19. Read the first paragraph on Pavlov’s legacy. Does your author give his work the credit it deserves?
(in other words, does he not get due respect since his discovery was incidental?
20. Read the third paragraph on Pavlov’s ability to study science objectively. What may have been his
greatest contribution to science in general?
21. Read Siegel’s 2005 study on former drug users and evaluate the following statement. I feel that a
former major drug user must move to another state to truly get rid of all potential contextual triggers to
the old drug. (T or F, why?)
22. Explain the story of Watson and Rayner’s 1920 study on Little Albert in 5 bulletpoints? (Hint- know
this study inside out)
23. Name on real life example where classical conditioning can reduce anxiety?
24. Read the close-up section on Trauma as Classical Conditioning- Explain your emotional reaction
when reading this passage? Explain, how your felt when your read the end paying attention to the
Gluhoski & Wortman, 1996 study?
7.3 Guided Reading Questions
1. Explain the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
2. Define respondent learning, operant conditioning, and operant behavior-
3. Explain Thorndike’s law of effect and explain how Figure 7.11 shows this concept to be true?
4. Define operant chamber-
5. Define shaping-
6. Explain how shaping could be used to teach a kid how to kick a soccer ball into a goal from 25 yards
out?
7. What is a discriminative stimulus?
8. Give advice to a first grade teacher who wants to improve spelling in his or her class, based on your
reading of rewarding behavior in education?
9. Define reinforcer, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement-
10. Give 3 examples of negative reinforcement?
11. Why do you believe introductory students make the mistake of believing negative reinforcement is
punishment?
12. Copy Table 7.1 into your notes
13. Define primary and secondary reinforcers and give two examples of each?
14. Give two real life examples of delayed reinforcers?
15. Explain the concept of delayed gratification? How does this concept apply to your life?
16. Give two examples of how immediate gratification effect teenager’s choices negatively?
17. Define continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, and give two characteristics of each paying
attention to extinction schedules?
18. Give one real life example of fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules
and draw Figure 7.13 into your notes and summarize the caption.
19. Define punishment and draw Table 7.3 into your notes.
20. Give two pieces of evidence that shows that punishment does not deter crime?
21. Name the four drawbacks of physically punishing children?
22. How many parents of 3-4 year olds acknowledge spanking their children?
23. Explain why a child may swear outside of the house in only punished there?
24. Explain what happens when punishment is accompanied with fear? (use school example)
25. Do some children learn aggression through physical punishment?
26. Explain the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
7.3.2
27. Explain Skinner’s biggest mistake when it came to the idea of operant conditioning?
28. Define cognitive map and explain why you can give somebody directions even if you don’t know
exactly where the location is?
29. Define latent learning and explain why a parent should be a good role model at all times when
having young children?
30. Name a study that proves that intrinsic motivation may be diminished by rewards?
31. Define intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
32. Explain Deci and Ryans research on what youth sports coaches should promote?
33. Explain the principle of biological predispositions?
34. Explain how the Breland’s used operant conditioning to make money?
35. Explain the concept of instinctive drift?
7.3.3
36. Name two reasons Skinner is considered a controversial figure?
37. Explain two ideas his critics used to diminish his status?
38. Name two ways Skinner believed operant conditioning would improve school performance?
39. Name two ways Skinner believed operant conditioning would improve athletic performance?
40. Name two ways Skinner believed operant conditioning would work performance?
41. Name two ways Skinner believed operant conditioning would improve performance at home?
42. Give 4 pieces of advice to a friend who is contemplating quitting a bad habit?
43. Read the section listed as Close Up by Amy Sutherland and explain how she used shaping principles
to improve her life?
7.3.4
44. Draw Table 7.4 into your notes and make sure you understand this table. It is the most important
concept you have learned.
7.4 Guided Reading Questions
1. Define observational learning and modeling –
2. Explain the following quote in your own words “Children need models more than they need
critics.”
Joseph Joubert, Pensées, 1842
3. Give two pieces of evidence that show other animals learn by observation?
4. Explain why all the kids on my soccer team use the slang word “sic” when they make a nice pass or
goal after I used that term with them?
7.4.1
5. In 3 bullletpoints explain what happened to the monkey in Parma, Italy in Rizzolatti’s research?
6. Define mirror neurons and come up with your own slogan that shows you understand this definition?
7. Give examples of imitation for the following ages, 8 months; 12 months; 14 months?
8. What do our mirror neuron systems support?
9. Explain the concept of theory of mind?
10. Explain why some people believe that children with autistic tendencies have a broken mirror neuron
system?
11. Name 3 ways that mirror neurons facilitate our understanding of other people?
12. Summarize caption Figure 7.16 into your own words?
7.4.2
13. Who is Albert Bandura? Explain the Bobo Doll experiment in less than 20 words?
7.4.3
14. Explain how Deerfield High School may use behavior modeling to train its staff?
15. Define a prosocial model and give 2 examples from your text and two from your personal life?
16. Give two examples of how bad news may have antisocial effects?
17. Do most kids your age spend more time watching TV or in school? What are your thoughts on the
answer to this question?
18. Give 4 statistics that show what children are watching as kids may be antisocial?
19. Give 3 statistics that prove that violence breeds violence?
20. Explain the concept that correlation is not causation when it comes to violence?
21. Explain the link between observation and imitation and relate this to Columbine High School?
22. Explain the idea of desensitizing viewers to prolonged violence?
23. Explain the following quote, “watching cruelty fosters indifference.”
YOUR DONE….