TM 201 00
Konsep Asas Teknologi Maklumat
Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
Panduan Jawapan Soalan Latihan Unit 3: Bab 8, 9 &10
Latihan 8.1. ms. 157
1. Kebaikan GUI:
-pengguna tidak perlu menaip setiap baris perintah seperti CLI
-pengguna tidak perlu hafal dan memasukkan arahan rumit seperti CLI
-pengguna hanya perlu membuat pilihan dari paparan pada skrin (dgn
menggunakan peranti penuding)
-pengguna menggunakan Eg. Tetikus untuk manipulasi ikon, kotak dialog dan
menu
Penerangan tambahan:
The importance of the focus on human-computer interaction has been recognized by industry,
academia, and governments. User Interfaces are considered as one of the six core fields of
Computer Science and are regarded as the most critical area for organizational impact.
The communication of an O/S with the outside world is made with two interfaces, CLI and GUI. An
intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the nongraphical menu-based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to
type in keyboard commands. In a few words GUI is a system that uses pictures rather than words to
represent the input and output of a program, case in point, the background picture of this page is
brought to you by a GUI. GUI (pronounced GOO-ee) stands for a graphical (rather than purely
textual) user interface to a computer.
Advantages and disadvantages of CLI
The term CLI came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not
graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to
remember and computer responses that were notoriously brief. The command interface of the UNIX
O/S, is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived.
Advantages of CLI
* Historically the only available.
* Execute commands faster. That's not the point of GUIs.
* Powerful (scripts, macros easily supported)
* Predictable command structure. Commands have obvious names! (MoVe, CoPy, LiSt, ReMove)
* Low computational cost.
* Remote access is easy.
* Support and error handling.
* Provide help facilities to list commands.
* Maximizes what we know about human strengths.
Disadvantages of CLI
* Non-interactive use
* Simple user is left staring helplessly at a blank screen, wondering how to begin.
* Needs Expert users.
* Need to memorised commands. Not sure about the exact syntax.
* Can't comfortably support many options
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* Time-consuming to page through
* Cannot access Internet.
Advantages and disadvantages of GUI
The GUI familiar to most of us today in either the Mac or the Windows (x-windows) operating
systems and their applications originated at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Laboratory in the late
1970s. Apple used it in their first Macintosh computers. Later, Microsoft used many of the same
ideas in their first version of the Windows operating system for IBM-compatible PCs.
Elements of a GUI include such things as: windows, pull-down menus, buttons, scroll bars, iconic
images, wizards, the mouse, and no doubt many things that haven't been invented yet. With the
increasing use of multimedia as part of the GUI, sound, voice, motion video, and virtual reality
interfaces seem likely to become part of the GUI for many applications. A system's graphical user
interface along with its input devices is sometimes referred to as its "look-and-feel."
Advantages of GUI
* Simple and easy to use. Clicking on an icon is so much easier. Word and Excel became widely
accepted because they were simple to use for the novice while able to create documents that even
publishers and graphic artists would be proud of.
* They are all flashy, nice to look at.
* Easy to learn. An intelligent interface is easy to learn and use. It allows users to do their work or
perform a task in the way that makes the most sense to them, rather than having to adjust to the
software.
* Very intuitive to use
* Productive.
* Satisfying
* Maximises User performance and human's efficiency because it looks familiar and feel comfortable
to anyone
* GUI makes the computer disappear from the user's view.
* The success of a GUI for an entire operating systems is standardization.
* Less requirement to remember things
* Less chance of making mistakes
* Accessible to non-computer experts
* Walking menus help locate actions
* A number of programs running in different windows
* Natural metaphor for switching control
* Cut and Paste between applications
* Can set favoured fonts, colours, etc
Disadvantages of GUI
* Slower for experts to use
* Requires mammoth processing power, memory and disk space
* Macros/scripts less obviously accessible
* Conflicts of control (Focus assignment)
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2. Cara membuka fail dgn GUI:
-pilih ikon fail tersebut dan klik dengan tetikus
(bincangkan dengan pelajar-pelajar anda)
Latihan 8.2 ms 162
2 kaedah multitugasan:i)
multitugasan kerjasama
ii)
multitugasan bantutan
(rujuk 8.5.1: Multitugasan)
Latihan 8.3 ms 171
1. Lima fungsi sistem pengendalian:
i) menyediakan antaramuka kepada pengguna untuk menggunakan komputer
ii) menguruskan perkakasan seperti komponen-komponen input
iii) menguruskan sistem fail cakera keras
iv) menguruskan proses atau perjalanan perisian yang lain
v) menjejak semua fail dalam storan cakera
2. Kelemahan-kelemahan DOS:
sistem pengendalian 16-bit
Ingatan Maksimum 1MB
Tiada ciri multitugasan, multipengguna dan ingatan maya (rujuk 8.7.1 DOS)
-
3.Tiga sistem pengendalian komputer yang lazim:
i)
Windows (rujuk 8.7.2)
- sistem pengendalian yang paling popular dgn 90 peratus pasaran
- direkabentuk untuk dijalankan di mikrokomputer Intel dan berserasian Intel
seperti Pentium IV
- wujud dalam pelbagai versi: Windows 95, 98, ME dan Windows XP.
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ii)
Mac OS (rujuk 8.7.4)
- Mac OS direka bentuk di komputer Macintosh.
- Walaupun kongsian pasarannya adalah kurang daripada Windows,
sistem pengendaliannya sangat berkuasa dan mudah digunakan.
- Ia boleh didapati dalam pelbagai versi
- Mac OS 8.5 mengandungi Sherlock, satu ciri gelintar yang berinovatif
untuk mendapatkan lokasi maklumat dalam Web atau dalam cakera
keras anda.
iii)
Unix
- Pada mulanya direkabentuk untuk dijalankan pada minicomputer dalam
persekitaran rangkaian.
- Sekarang ia juga digunakan di mikrokomputer dan pelayan dalam Web.
- Terdapat banyak versi Unix yang berlainan. Satu daripadanya yang
banyak mendapat perhatian ialah Linux
Penerangan tambahan
The OS selection process should give consideration to what types of tasks will be
performed. In multitasking systems
OS Type:
Capabilities:
Examples:
Singletasking
Systems
Capable of doing only
one task at a time.
MS-DOS
Multitasking
Systems
May run several tasks
simultaneously.
Windows NT, UNIX,
LINUX, OS/2, NetWare
4
Special Features:
Two types:
Cooperative - each
program can control the
CPU as long as it needs.
Preemptive - the OS
parcels out CPU time
slices to each program.
Single-user
Systems
Intended for use on
only one machine.
Windows, Windows
95, Windows XP,
Windows NT, OS/2
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Multiuser
Systems
Two users can run the
same program
concurrently.
Windows NT, UNIX,
LINUX, OS/2, NetWare
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Microsoft's Windows NT - a preemptive, multitasking OS
Windows NT comes in two versions, Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in
networks and Windows NT Workstations, for stand-alone or client workstations.
OS/2 - a preemptive, multitasking OS
OS/2 was created by IBM and Microsoft during the early 1980's and became very popular
for a while. Microsoft pulled out of the venture and pursued Windows operating system
creation. Currently, OS/2 is more often used for organizational telephone systems, clients
on IBM mainframes, and heating and ventilation systems. IBM is still selling and supporting
this OS.
UNIX - a preemptive, multitasking OS
UNIX began its life as a joke. AT&T Bell Laboratories started working on a multi-user
operating system, called Multics in the late 1960s. Because of its slow and unwielding
characteristics, a different group of programmers at AT&T Bell Labs created a small, fast
multi-user OS. And as a contrast to Multics (many), they named it UNIX (one).
Part of the reason that UNIX caught on was that it was small and cheap. It allowed those
with smaller budgets to get mainframe power without spending a great deal. UNIX was
saved from a sure death when it was rewritten in C programming language during the mid1970s. C is a portable language. Therefore, UNIX could be installed on nearly any platform
by recompiling the program. Because of various reasons, Bell Labs allowed Berkley
University to use its base UNIX. Therefore, there are two main varients, AT&T System V
and Berkley University's BSD4.x (where x is a version number between 1 and 3). As of this
writing, UNIX comes in many 'flavors'. SUN Solaris, IBM AIX, and Santa Cruz Operation
SCO are some of the most popular platform versions.
Upon first examination, UNIX may appear to be more expensive than Windows NT.
However, ensure that NT's client licensing fees have been included in the cost comparison;
this could make the costs comparable. UNIX does have a reputation for being difficult to
operate versus the ease of use for Windows NT. But, UNIX has a lot to offer in the way of
speed, reliability and scalability in addition to its longevity of existence. UNIX is the
operating system of choice for many institutions such as banks and utility companies which
operate 'mission critical' systems.
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Konsep Asas Teknologi Maklumat
Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
LINUX - a preemptive, multitasking, OS
LINUX was written by a college student, Linus Torvalds, and has been added to and refined
by collaboration among many programmers over the Internet. LINUX is causing a really big
shake up in the OS vendor world. Microsoft is paying attention and so aren't UNIX vendors.
Many articles are available via the Internet, most written since January 1999.
LINUX is considered an "open system" or "open source", because it is essentially
"freeware" and can be downloaded from many different sites on the Internet. It can also be
acquired from certain vendors, such as Red Hat, for a small fee that includes support
options provided by these vendors. Certain experts contend that when organizations make
the decision to use LINUX as their OS, they should be prepared to support it 'in-house'.
Comparing the Operating Systems
IBM/Microsoft OS/2, UNIX, Microsoft's Windows NT Server, and LINUX all have a variety of
positives and minuses. But one of the most important factors to consider is the level of
technical capability an organization has in-house.
Operating System
Advantages
Disadvantages
LINUX



Open Source (Cheap)
Speed and Scalability
Many respected vendors, both
hardware and software, are
supporting LINUX with their
products

Not 'battle tested', relatively
new in the OS world
Microsoft Windows NT
Server


Very easy to use and maintain
Clients that can be supported 'out
of the box': MS-DOS, Windows for
Workgroups 3.x, Windows 95,
Windows NT Workstation,
Macintosh clients

Security issues for compromi
of organizational data
OS/2

User-friendly developed by IBM
and Microsoft in the early 1980's.
Compatible with Windows and

Not widely used for network
operating systems.
Limited applications


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DOS. Programs developed for
either can be run on OS/2.
UNIX





Speed
Reliability (existence for 30 years)
Very secure, OS of choice for
organizations with 'mission-critical'
applications
Many, many software vendors
support with UNIX versions
Customizable to suit organizations
needs
availability.
Complex to use, not easy for
'average Joe' to maintain
Market fragmentation, many
'flavors' of UNIX
Latihan 9.1 ms 176
-sila abaikan soalan ini
Latihan 9.2 ms 180
1.Sila rujuk 9.3 Generasi Bahasa Pengaturcaraan dan Contohnya.
2. Dua faedah:-memahami kelemahan bahasa pengaturcaraan
-menghasilkan penyelesaian yang lebih efisien
Latihan 9.3 ms 186
Pengaturcaraan berorientasikan objek
-ialah proses di mana atur cara disusun mengikut objek. Setiap objek mengandungi data
dan operasi pemprosesan yang berkaitan untuk melaksanakan tugas.
-pengaturcaraan berorientasikan objek menggunakan modul dipanggil objek. Objek ialah
komponen yang boleh diguna semula dan lengkap. Aturcara yang dibina dengan objek ini
menganggap fungsi tertentu sama.
(rujuk ms 9.4.3 Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek)
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Konsep Asas Teknologi Maklumat
Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
Latihan 9.4 ms 200
1. Lima generasi bahasa pengaturcaraan: rujuk 9.3 Generasi Bahasa Pengaturcaraan dan
contohnya.
2. Bahasa imperatif:
-Bahasa imperatif atau bahasa prosedur merupakan bahasa di mana setiap arahan untuk
menyelesaikan masalah perlu dinyatakan dengan jelas.
-Idea asas bahasa ini adalah pengguna perlu menyatakan setiap langkah yang diperlukan
dalam menyelesaikan masalah. (rujuk 9.4.2: Bahasa Imperatif)
Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek:
-memfokus kepada objek dalam sesuatu sistem bukan kepada fungsi yang berlaku dalam
sistem.
-struktur bahasa ini membuatkan sesuatu program lebih mudah untuk direkabentuk dan
difahami. (rujuk 9.4.3 : Bahasa Berorientasikan Objek)
3.
Pengkompil: Menukar atucara yang ditulis dalam bahasa pengaturcaraan disebut
sebagai kod punca ke bentuk bahasa mesin , dipanggil kod objek. Kod objek ini
kemudian boleh disimpan dan dijalankan kemudiannya. Contoh bahasa
pengaturcaraan yang menggunakan pengkompil ialah versi standard Pascal,
COBOL dan FORTRAN
Penterjemah: Berfungsi untuk menterjemah dan melaksanakan aturcara baris demi
baris. Tiada kod objek yang disimpan. Aturcara dalam penterjemah adalah bersifat
mudah alih, iaitu ia boleh dilarikan pada mana-mana sistem pengendalian. Contoh:
versi standard BASIC
Latihan 10.1 ms 206
Perisian asas: Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran pengguna dengan
membantu pengguna melakukan tugas-tugas lazim. Ia disebut juga pakej
pengeluaran(aturcara aplikasi tujuan am) Contoh: perisian pemprosesan kata
Perisian termaju: Perisian untuk tujuan khas dan memerlukan kebolehan dan
kepakaran yang lebih untuk digunakan. Terbahagi kepada: aturcara aplikasi
perniagaan, aturcara aplikasi sains, aturcara aplikasi lain.
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Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
Latihan 10.2 ms 210
1. Konsep WYSIWYG: apa yang dilihat pada skrin adalah bagaimana sesuatu
dokumen akan dihasilkan oleh pencetak – fon, grafik dan sebagainya.
2. Ciri tambahan pemproses kata:
-penyemak ejaan
-penyemak nahu
-thesaurus
(Boleh bincang denga pelajar-pelajar anda)
Latihan 10.3 ms 213
Kegunaan hamparan elektronik dalam perniagaan:
Aturcara Hamparan elektronik menyusun, manipulasi dan menggraf maklumat numeric.
Kekuatan hamparan ialah ia boleh melakukan pengiraan secara automatik dengan cepat
dan tepat.
Kegunaan dlm perniagaan: melakukan analisis what-if, analisis kepekaan, keperluan
perbelanjaan, ramalan keuntungan dll
Latihan 10.4 ms 226
1 Kebaikan:
i)
ii)
iii)
Perkongsian: Dalam organisasi maklumat daripada satu jabatan boleh dikongsi
dengan yang lain. Jabatan pengebilan boleh membenarkan jabatan pemasaran
mengetahui pelanggan yang memesan barangan dalam kuantiti yang besar
Keselamatan: Pengguna diberi kata laluan atau capaian hanya kepada jenis
maklumat yang mereka kehendaki. Oleh itu, jabatan pembayaran gaji boleh
mencapai kadar gaji pekerja, tetapi jabatan lain tidak mendapat capaian
tersebut.
Lewahan data: Dengan beberapa jabatan mencapai satu fail, bilangan fail adalh
sedikit. Kegunaan storan yang berlebihan dapat dikurangkan. Mikrokomputer
yang disambungkan oleh rangkaian kepada pelayan fail, contohnya boleh
menggantikan cakera keras yang berada dalam beberapa mikrokomputer
individu.
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Konsep Asas Teknologi Maklumat
Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
Integriti Data: Sistem fail yang lama tidak mempunyai ‘integriti’. Iaitu,
perubahan yang dibuat dalam fail di satu jabatan mungkin tidak dilakukan pada
jabatan lain. Sebagaimana yang anda jangkakan, ia boleh menyelesaikan
masalah serius dan percanggahan apabila data digunakan untuk keputusan
yang penting yang melibatkan beberapa jabatan.
iv)
2. Pengurusan pangkalan data: Untuk membina , mengubah dan memperolehi capaian
terhadap pangkalan data, perisian khas diperlukan. Perisian ini dikenali sebagai sistem
pengurusan pangkalan data atau DBMS. (rujuk 10.5 Pangkalan Data)
Latihan 10.5 ms 234
1. Perisian set: Gabungan perisian-perisian yang dijual secara kelompok dengan harga
yang murah jika dibandingkan dengan membeli setiap perisian secara berasingan.
Cth: Microsoft Office.
Perisian Bersepadu: Merupakan aturcara semua aplikasi dalam satu. Objektifnya
ialah untuk pengguna melaksanakan pelbagai tugas tanpa perlu berpindah dari satu
perisian ke perisian lain. Cth; Microsoft Works
2. Tujuan persembahan grafik:
Perisian persembahan grafik membantu anda membina persembahan yang
professional dan menarik. Persembahan grafik digunakan untuk menggabungkan
pelbagai objek visual untuk melahirkan persembahan yang menarik dan
menyeronokkan .
Cth: Corel Presentations.
3. 3 pakej perisian hamparan:
-
Excel
Lotus 1-2-3
Quattro Pro
4. Tahap-tahap dalam pangkalan data dan huraian:
(rujuk rajah 10.8 dan 10.5 Pangkalan Data)
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Panduan Jawapan Latihan Unit 2
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