Physiology, Berry
Name
PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE AND REVIEW SHEET
Spring Semester 2015
The Skeletal System (Joints only) and The Muscular System
1. Know the 3 types of joints and their distinguishing features.
2. Now the 6 types of synovial joints and be able to tell their movement and give an example of each joint.
3. Know the various types of movements associated with joints and be able to label diagrams of those
movements.
4. Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissues-skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
5. Define origin and insertion.
6. Know the microscopic structure of a muscle including myofibril, sarcomere, actin, myosin.
7. Know the sliding filament model.
8. Be able to label a diagram of a sarcomere.
9. How do muscles contract microscopically?
The Nervous System I
1. Know the basic organization of the nervous system including the divisions. CNS, PNS, sensory (afferent)
and motor (efferent) divisions, the autonomic, the somatic, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
divisions.
2. Know the structure of a nerve cell and the three types of nerve cells-multipolar, bipolar and unipolar.
3. Understand and be able to explain nerve transmission, what an action potential is, depolarization, and
how sodium and potassium play a role in the process.
4. Explain a synapse and how it functions.
5. Explain what neurotransmitters are and how they work.
6. Understand the various ways drugs target the brain.
The Nervous System II
1. Know the regions/lobes of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes.
2. Know the brain is divided into lobes and it consists of motor, sensory, and association areas.
3. Be able to label a diagram of the brain and know the function of the hypothalamus, pons, corpus
callosum, medulla oblongata, thalamus, cerebellum, and the limbic system.
4. Be able to describe the similarities and differences between a sheep brain and a human brain.
The Senses
1. Be able to label a diagram of the eye with the following structures: the cornea, sclera, lens, iris, pupil,
anterior chamber, retina, rods, cones vitreous humor, fovea centralis and optic nerve.
2. Know the main similarities and differences between a cow eye and a human eye.
3. Know the difference between myopia, hypermyopia and presbyopia.
4. What is meant by 20/20, 20/200 and 20/10 vision?
5. What are the various types of tests for vision and what do they indicate? Snellen Eye Chart, Astigmatism,
Pupillary Reflex, Glaucoma, Accommodation, Blind Spot.
6. Know what stem cell transplants are and how they are used to fix damaged corneal tissue. Now the
specific types of stem cells and what they can differentiate into.
7. Know the structures of the ear including the auricle, auditory canal, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), the
tympanic membrane, oval window, semicircular canals, cochlea and nerves and be able to label the parts
on a diagram.
8. Understand the path sound travels to be processed by the brain.
9. Explain the role the ear plays in maintaining homeostasis and balance.
10. Know the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss.
50% of the Final Exam will be on the following:
The Blood
1. Know the four main components of blood and their basic functions including: plasma, white blood cells,
red blood cells and platelets.
2. Understand the role of red blood cells and how they transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Know the
characteristics of red blood cells.
3. Be able to distinguish between the ABO blood types, including knowing which blood types contain
which antibodies and antigens.
4. Be able to determine inheritance patterns based on blood types of parents.
5. Know which blood types can receive blood from which donors and why. Know what blood type is the
universal donor and universal recipient and why this is the case.
The Cardiovascular System
1. Be able to label a diagram of the heart and distinguish between the structures and their functions
including the valves, the chambers and the major vessels that go to and from the heart.
2. Understand the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circuits and what each does. Also
know where the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
3. Understand how blood pressure relates to the cardiac cycle. Know systolic and diastolic pressure.
4. Be able to interpret and EKG/ECG and know what each segment represents on the ECG.
5. Know the main layers of the heart.