AP World History
Chapter 27 Outline
Catherine Phamduy
3/12/12
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advances- serfdom = abolished (1861)change + tsarist aristocracy
Russia Before Reform
 Russia government was based heavily on conservative ideas and traditions further supported w/
Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria)defense of religion + order
 Some Russian folklore and African beatromanticism that deeply affected European culture.
  Control over liberals (no change)tensions led to Decembrist Uprising (1825)political
repression
 Though conservative, Russia continued to act as military expansionists.
Economic and Social Problems: the Peasant Question
 Russia remained a largely agricultural society as the world industrialized.
 With the decline of O Emp, Russia, Britain, and France strove to fight for it. Crimean
Warprompted Russia to industrialize military + CHANGE
 Serfdom needed to change in order to create better work force problems
The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
 The emancipation of the serfsnot much political power gained, power remained to aristocrats.
 Urban class,  peasant uprisings
 Zemstvoes (local political councils) ruled the peasants in place of aristocracy, yet tsar remained in
absolute control, and peasant voice was limited.
 The army changed w. new tactics and improvements. More soldiers. Literacy 
 The trans Siberian railroad (connected European Russia w/ Pacific)  production in mining
and factories
 Sergei Witte (financial minister) enacted high tariffs to protect Russian industry
 The industrial rev was mostly bc of population size and natural resources, rather than mechanisms.
 Most peasants stuck to traditions and were illiterate. There was no middle class.
Protest and Resolution in Russia- reforms/no reforms/Marxist leadersocial unrest
The Road to Revolution
 Nationalist  minority tensions. Limitation of reform + industrializationprotest
 Radical intellectuals (intelligentsia)students to protest too. Wanted political freedom and social
reform and keep Russian culture.
 Other intellectuals became radical anarchistswanted to abolish tsarist autonomy and rebuild
govt.terrorist movementsstrengthen tsarist’s control over conservatism.
 Marxist leader Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (aka Lenin) spoke out that change could occur w/ out the
use of the middle class. His ideas deeply reflected those of the Marxist Bolsheviks. The working
class grew more radical
 Revolution was inevitable bc. rebel opposed to compromise and govt = repression
Revolution of 1905
 Russia took over portions of the O Emp and the Slavic nations
 The Russo-Japanese War (1904)protests by peasants, and govt had to change. They
established the duma (parliament and the Stolypin reforms to give peasants more freedom. Some
peasants became kulahs (entrepreneurs), yet uprisings continued.
Russia and Eastern Europe
 Smaller nations (after O Emp ) (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece) formed monarchies and less
industrialization.
 They enjoyed the cultural activity (romanticism) and science
Japan: Transformation Without Revolution- Japan reform + traditions = CHANGE
The Final Decades of the Shogunate
 The shogunate combined bureaucracies with semi feudal alliances, yet govt ran into financial
problems as taxes based on agriculture, though economy was based on commercial.
 Neo-Confucianism held strong bonds, preventing change in response to western influence.
However, terakoya (Schools) educated children ( literacy)
 Tensions between reformists and traditionalists and Dutch Studies (minority of west-oriented
intellectuals) .
 Economy grew w/ open trade. Yet, there were still peasant protesting
The Challenge to Isolation
 US Commodore Mathew Perry used pressure to make port in Japanopen trade. Other nations
followed suit.
 With  European influence, shogunate  power. Samurais attacked British officialsconflict w/
shocking Japanese defeat.
 Mutsuhito took over (Meiji)change
Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji States
 Meiji govt replaced daimyos and centralize govtsocial and economical change.
 Samurais were taught western institutionbring over to Japan. However the samurai class was
abolished in 1873, yet some made living with business.
 Samurai class was involved in politicsestablished party of House of Peers. The bureaucracy was
reorganized. A new parliament (Diet) was made in 1889. Power of govt was limited, yet suffrage
was given to 5% of population.
 Japan incorporated business leaders and reformers and conservatives together.
Japan’s Industrial Revolution
 Army was more organized, capital was provided to establish industries (new economic structure
depended on the breaking down of older institutions)
 Govt took control of transportation networks and state operations of mines.
 The ministry of Industry was developed to check upon foreign advisors and setting overall
economic policies and specific sectors.
 New industrial combines (zaibatsu)- due from  capital and industry. Japan experience
successful industrialization
 However, Japan was still very poor compared to Europeans and depended on western imports.
Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization
 Japan experience population growth w/ new medications and nutrition
 Edu stressed science and technical subjects w/ loyalty to empire. Though meny western teachers
were imported to teach the Japanese, they were closely supervised
 Though many western standards were adopted, Japanese largely kept to traditions.
 Child labor , and women remained subordinate. Westerners were seen as obscene, and
Shintoism gained popularity.
 Japan was pressured to expand, since it was lacking in natural resources. In the Sino-Japanese
War (1894)conflict w/ Russia. Japan wanted to establish it equal to Europeans.
The Strain of Modernization
 Poor living standards in cities
 Parties in Japan parliament clashed into power w/ emperor + officials
 Others were frustrated whether Japan was mix between tradition and western
 To fight vs. tensions, education stressed loyalty to emperor.