FUNCTIONS AND LINKWORDS
Remember :
Preposition + noun / gerund ( v-ing )
Conjunction + conjugated verb
Sentence / adverb + sentence
CAUSE
Prepositions : because of , due to , out of ( ex: he killed his wife out of jealousy ) , for + v-ing ( ex: I apologize for being late.)
Conjunctions : because, as, since, that’s why
CONSEQUENCE
Conjunctions : so + adjective + that ( ex: he was so excited that he couldn’t sleep )
Such ( a / an ) + noun + that ( ex: he was such a silly boy that everybody laughed at him . /
He showed such courage that everybody admired him. )
Adverbs: so , therefore , consequently , as a consequence , as a result
CONTRAST
Adverbs : On the contrary ( ex: the risk of infection hasn’t diminished ; on the contrary, it has increased.)
Quite the contrary ( ex: I don’t disagree. Quite the contrary, I think you’re absolutely right.)
Instead ( ex: if you don’t have olive oil , you can use sunflower oil instead.)
On the one hand …(but) on the other hand
Prepositions : contrary to / unlike + noun or pronoun ( ex: contrary to / unlike her sister, she likes sport.)
Instead of + noun / gerund (v-ing) ex: You should use oil instead of butter. / You should finish it now instead of waiting until tomorrow.
Conjunctions : whereas , while
CONCESSION
Prepositions : despite , in spite of
Conjunctions : although , even though
Adverbs : However , and yet , nevertheless , nonetheless
CONDITION
Conjunctions : if , unless , as long as , provided that ( pourvu que ) , in case ( + should : au cas où)
Adverbs : if not , or else , otherwise ( sinon , autrement )
PURPOSE
Infinitive : in order to , so as to , to ( ex: she went to London in order to study English / so as not to see him again.)
Infinitive clause : for somebody to … ( ex : we planned that exhibition for everybody to see our work.)
Conjunction : so that ( ex: the man spoke very slowly so that I could understand what he said )
TIME
Prepositions : during , until , till , since + noun ( during the night / since last spring etc…)
Before , after + noun or v-ing ( ex: I finished it before lunch / before having lunch. )
Conjunctions : while , until , till , since , when , whenever , as , as soon as , before , after , once
Adverbs : during that time / meanwhile , before that / beforehand , earlier , after that / afterwards / later, until then , immediately

AGREEMENT
I agree (with )
I couldn’t agree more ( with )
I approve of ( noun / v-ing )
Right! Quite right! You’re right.
Quite true!
Of course ( not )! Naturally! Sure! Absolutely! Definitely!
DISAGREEMENT
I don’t agree / disagree ( with )
PROHIBITION
Imperative in the negative form ( ex: don’t do it again! )
Stop + v-ing ( ex: stop shouting, will you?
)
Must not / mustn’t
Can’t
May not ( formal )
I don’t want you to…
It’s forbidden to do … / doing something is forbidden / is not allowed
You ‘re forbidden / not allowed to do something
I won’t let somebody do something
I disapprove of ( noun / v-ing )
I object to ( noun / v-ing )
I differ with you about ( noun / v-ing )
That’s wrong! You’re ( quite ) wrong!
It can’t be true!
I don’t think so./Definitely not! Surely not!
CAPACITY
Can / could
To be able to… / to be capable of ( v-ing )
To know how to …
To manage to …
To succeed in ( v-ing )
It’s possible / easy… for somebody to …
To enable somebody to … (ex. Glasses will enable you to see better.)
INCAPACITY
Can’t / couldn’t
Not to be able to/ to be unable to/ to be incapable of (v-ing)
It’s impossible / hard / difficult … for somebody to…
I don’t know how to…
Not to manage to…
Not to succeed in ( v-ing )
POSITIVE SIMILARITIES
Both ( the two ) / both of us / you / them / they both…
All ( three and more ) / all of you / all of them etc…
Subject +auxiliary + too
So + auxiliary + subject
As + adjective + as
NEGATIVE SIMILARITIES
Neither of us / you / them ( only two people ) + singular ( ex. Neither of them is happy )
Neither … nor + plural ( ex: neither Luka nor Dave are happy. )
None of us / you / them ( three people and more ) + singular
Neither +auxiliary + subject
Subject + negative auxiliary + either
SUGGESTION
What about / how about + gerund ( v-ing )
Let’s + verb base ( imperative ) ex: let’s go to the cinema,
INTENTION
I’m going to…
I’m thinking of ( v-ing )
I plan / intend to… / mean to…
I have in mind to…
I have decided to…
OBLIGATION
Imperative ( ex: come here! )
Must / have to… shall we?
Shall I / we + verb base ?
Would you like to…?
Why not + verb base?
Why don’t we / you / they…+ verb base?
We / you / they could + verb base
To suggest + noun / v-ing ( ex: I suggest going to the cinema tonight. )
To suggest that… / to propose that …
WISHES
I’d like to do… / I’d like somebody to do…
I’ love to do… / I’d love somebody to do …
It is your duty to…
It ‘s necessary for somebody to do something
It’s compulsory
It’s a must.
To order / compel / oblige / force somebody to do something
To make somebody do something
I feel like + v-ing
I wish + preterit modal
If only + preterit modal
I dream / I’m dreaming of + v-ing or noun
I’m dying / longing for + noun / to do something
NO OBLIGATION
Don’t have to…
Needn’t + verb base
It is not necessary for somebody to do something
Not to be / feel obliged to…
ADVICE
Should / shouldn’t
Ought to / oughtn’t to
If I were you, I would…
You’d (had) better + verb base
To advise someone to do something