The Cold War
1945 – 1960
CHAPTER 19
EUPOPE: Following V-E Day, the dropping of the atomic bomb and Japan’s
surrender, Allied countries (U.S., Great Britain, France and Soviet Union) carried out
plans developed at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

Yalta Conference:
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to plan for
postwar peace.
1. Stalin would assist U.S. with Japan 3 months after
German surrender
2. Divide & occupy Germany
3. Plans for a new international peace organization

Potsdam Conference: Truman, Churchill (later Attlee) and Stalin
worked out details of German occupation.
1. Divided Germany into 4 zones (Soviets controlled
the poorer, more rural eastern part)
2. Divided Austria into zones
3. Crush Nazi Party and re-establish local
governments.
4. Rebuild German industry
5. Return German refugees to homes
All isn’t well… Allies nervous that Soviet Union occupied much of Eastern Europe
and weren’t sure of the Soviets demand for immediate reparations from Germany.
JAPAN: U.S. occupied from 1945-1952 and Japan was destroyed – remember, they
did get hit by TWO atomic bombs! Their economy & buildings were devastated!! This is
what was done to stabilize Japan:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hirohito remained in palace, but had no POWER!
Demobilization of several million troops
New constitution & democratic government
Constitution gave women rights, freedom of
religion and prohibited military power.
5. Fixed economy by giving land to farmers, allowed
labor unions and broke up huge, single family
corporations = zaibatsu
1
trials
Nuremberg Trials
Where:
Nuremberg, Germany
When:
Nov. 1945 – Sept. 1946
What
Tried Nazi leaders on
happened: planning the war, committing
war crimes and other crimes
against humanity and
conspiring to commit the
crimes.
Outcome:
12 Nazi leaders = death
7 Nazi leaders = jail time
3 Nazi leaders = acquitted
Tokyo Trials
Where:
Tokyo, Japan
When:
May 1946 – Nov. 1948
What
Persecuted the leaders of
happened: Japan’s military for war
crimes. These trials set
standards for international
law and conduct of war
holding countries and
individuals accountable.
Outcome: 7 Leaders = death
Other leaders = life in prison
CREATION OF UNITED NATIONS
Maintains world security, made of all officially recognized nations of the world
General Assembly:
- All member nations
Security Council:
- France
- Soviet Union
- Great Britain
- China
- United States
Security Council Responsibilities:
- Veto power
- Makes decisions regarding international
disputes
 Student INVESTIGATION: Go to United Nations website; look at the
 OVERVIEW
&  PEACEKEEPING MISSION photos.
http://www.un.org/Overview/uninbrief/index.shtml
http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/gallery.jsp?mode=auto&query=organization%3AUNMIK%20AND%20category%3A%22Field%20coverage%22
On a separate piece of paper, write a 500 WORD PAPER describing the following information:
 What the UN does to affect our lives today
 How the UN works
 TWO METHODS the UN uses to assist others and give examples of countries they helped and
how they helped those countries
Uses Correct Grammar
Includes how UN affects our life
Includes how UN works
Includes a Method of UN assistance and example
Includes a Method of UN assistance and example
-4
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5-6
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7-8
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** PAPER DUE DATE OF TEST **
2
9-10
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/50
First Major Conflict
Palestine



Claimed by Jews & Arabs
Many European Jews moved to after WWII – Arabs Protested!!
1947 – Britain turned issue to UN
 They divided into two states
 Arabs rejected proposal




Victory for Zionism – movement seeking Jewish homeland
British forces left Palestine in 1948
Zionist leaders proclaimed as Israel
U.S. & Soviet Union recognized the new nation

Caused ARAB-ISRAELI WAR


Israel
(1949)
Arabs would not recognize Israel
1949 UN Agreement
 Divided Jerusalem
 Gave Egypt Gaza Strip
 Gave Jordan West Bank of Jordan River
 Unresolved issues: What about Arabs living in Israel??
Cold War
The competition between U.S. & Soviet Union for global power and influence.
Containment
of Communism
Cold War
Containment of Communism =
Cold War
NATO
Formed
Warsaw
Pact
Marshall
Plan
Korean
War
Berlin
Airlift
Berlin
Wall
Soviet Union threatened that with
it’s influence on Eastern Europe and
it’s creation of Satellite Nations –
Countries in Eastern Europe that had
Communists governments imposed by
Soviet Union in order to make sure they
would side with Russia.
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
Iron Curtain: Churchill’s reference to this
spread of communism.
Vietnam
War
RESULTS: Led to an arms race that
could have easily destroyed the
world.
3
The Containment boxes to the left are an
attempt to stop spread of Communism and
the events on the right are responses to these
efforts.
 Student INVESTIGATION:
Look at Pg. 568-571 to fill in WKSH.
US Foreign Policy:
to make sure communism would not spread
Truman Doctrine –
What: Policy to help any country fighting communism
When: 1947
Who/ Why U.S. aided: Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece & Turkey because we
didn’t want them to become Communist countries
Marshall Plan –
What: A major effort to promote European recovery
When: 1948
Who/ Why U.S. aided: Aided Czechoslovakia when pro-Soviet Communists overthrew their
government
Berlin Airlift –
What: US & British flew over 2 million tons of food & supplies to citizens of West Berlin
When: 1948
Who/ Why U.S. aided: Helped people of Berlin because Soviets cut all shipments to city hoping
to drive Western powers out of Berlin
NATO –
What: North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Each member nation pledged to defend others in
case of an outside attack.
When: 1949
Who/ Why U.S. aided: Stationed troops in Europe and gave aid to European allies
Warsaw Pact –
What: Soviet Union formed its own Communist alliance in response to NATO
When: 1955
Who was aided? Military alliance with other communist countries in Eastern Europe
4
 Student INVESTIGATION:
Look at Pg. 572to fill in graphic organizer and to
answer questions.
How Chinese Communists Gain
Control of China
1911 Chinese
revolution left an unstable republic
1920’s A
civil war started between Nationalists and
Communists
During WWII Communists
and Nationalists cooperated in
order to resist Japanese attacks
1949 Mao’s
forces gain control of most of China
Leader of Communist Party:
Mao Zedong
Leader of Nationalist Party
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
Which side the U.S. supported and
why did they support them?
We supported the nationalists
because we did not want the
country to be a communist
government.
Outcome: People’s
Republic of China (Communist) – US
rejects new gov. and supports Nationalist gov.
Opinion:
Does the U.S. have a right to oppose a revolution supported by many of a country’s residents?
OPINION – Answer yes or no – but include that most of the country supported the
Communists
38th Parallel
-Japan ruled Korea from 1910-1945
-WWII ended Japan rule and divided Korea
*Soviets occupied north *U.S. occupied south -
Communist North Korea (Kim Il Sung)
Republic of Korea (Syngman Rhee)
-1949: U.S. & Soviets pulled troops out of Korea
-1950: North Korea invaded South Korea
*June 1950: Led to U.S. supporting South Korea and conflict
-Douglas MacArthur commanded troops
-In beginning U.S. & Southern forces not doing well
*Sept. 1950: U.S. counterattack
*Oct. 1950: UN forces went across 38th parallel
*Nov. 1950: China entered!!
*U.S. and UN forces fell back to 38th parallel
5
 Student INVESTIGATION:
Look at Pg. 575to answer the following questions in COMPLETE sentences.
1. Explain the conflict between Truman and MacArthur during the Korean War?
Truman did not want Korea to lead to another World War – MacArthur felt Korea was a world
conflict between Democracy and Communism.
2. Explain the election of 1952:
Who were the candidates? Truman vs. Eisenhower
Who won? Eisenhower
Why did they win? He was patriotic “I like Ike” – or – he promised to resist communism and
end the Korean War.
3. Describe how the Korean War ended.
Who ended it on the U.S. side? Eisenhower used military force to get peace negotiations
moving
When did it end? July 27, 1953
What was the outcome? Divided country into 2 nations @ 38th Parallel – not much changed
from before the war.
Why did the Korean War affect the status of democrats in the U.S.?
Democrats lost a 20-year hold on the White House – or – Truman was unpopular because he
fired MacArthur
How did this war affect the world? OPINION – but you can say we continued trying to contain
communism, we learned the war did not change a lot, but it carried great loss of lives,
money and items.
6
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Brinkmanship: policy in the 1950’s that would go all the
way to the “brink of war” in order to stop communism
-Eisenhower used “secret” means to pursue
goals of containing communism
*CIA – gathered information and pursued
Cold War goals
-Iran (1951)
*U.S. suspended aide
*Used CIA to organize a coup against
Iranian leader
-Achieved goal of removing leader
-Caused anti-American feelings
-Guatemala (1954)
*Suspected president of being communist
sympathizer
*Used CIA to install a pro-U.S. government
-Achieved goal and reversed reform
programs
-Caused resentment throughout Latin
America
-Suez Crisis (1956)
*U.S. refused to fund a large dam in Egypt
*Threatened western oil trade and shipping
to Israel
*Israel attacked Egyptian territory
-Britain & France took waterway
-Soviet Union threatened war
-U.S. supported UN resolution
-Eastern Europe (1956)
*Khrushev new leader of Soviet Union and
accused Stalin of ruthless crimes
*Hungarians demanded reform
-Wanted western style democracy and
secession from Warsaw Pact
-Soviet leader crushed revolt
-Pleaded for help from U.S.
*Eisenhower condemned actions,
but did not aid rebels
*Allowed immigration to U.S.
-Eisenhower Re-elected (1956)
-Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
* Military aid to Middle Eastern nations
seeking help in resisting Communist
aggression.
7
-Thaw in Cold War (1959)
*U.S. & Soviet Union to improve relations
and future discussion of arms reduction
*May 1960: A U.S. U-2 plane shot down
over Soviet Union
*The U-2 Incident brought end to the thaw
Life in U.S. during Cold War
 Student INVESTIGATION:
Look at Pg. 579 to answer the following questions in COMPLETE sentences.
3. What AGENCIES (2) and ACTS (1) were created to limit communism at home?
National Security Council (NSC) – Advised President on strategic matters
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Looked into political ties of
people
Internal Security Act – Communist members and organizations had to register with the
federal government
4. How did these agencies and acts affect people living in the U.S.?
People were accused sometimes for no reason – or – EVERYONE was under suspicion
5. Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy held hearing to investigate Communist infiltration in
the government. Why were the hearings important to the U.S.?
He waged war against communist sympathizers and ruined the lives and reputations of
hundreds of US citizens with little or no evidence
Who were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg and what happened to them? (Pg. 580)
Allegedly they provided Soviets with atomic energy secrets – there was a trial and they
were executed in 1953
6. What were McCarthy’s tactics compared to? (Pg. 582)
Salem Witch Trials – time when they hunted “witches” and convicted with little or no
evidence
What is your opinion on this? Why do you feel this way?
OPINION
7. Read pages 583-584 and explain 4 ways Americans reacted to the prospect of nuclear war
and the launch of Sputnik.
-Turned to religion
-Continued to support arms race & space exploration
-Built bomb shelters
-Conducted air-raid drills
-Civil Defense educational campaigns
-Organized SANE
8
 Student INVESTIGATION:
Go to the  Rosenberg Famous Trial website at:
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/rosenb/ROSENB.HTM
Read the  DIAGRAM OF SPY RING
(http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_DIAG.HTM) and explain how McCarthy felt
the Rosenberg’s were connected to Stalin.
Read  3 BIOGRAPHIES (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BIOG.HTM)
of trial participants and answer the following questions.
1. Who did you read about?
How are they related to the trial?
List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:
1.
2.
3.
2. Who did you read about?
How are they related to the trial?
List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:
1.
2.
3.
3. Who did you read about?
How are they related to the trial?
List 3 IMPORTANT FACTS about this person from the biography:
1.
2.
3.
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Read  THE JUDGES STATEMENT
(http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_SENT.HTM) , what does the judge say about
the Rosenberg’s AND how does this compare to your own opinion?
Read  THE FINAL LETTERS TO THE SONS
(http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_LTR.HTM ), why do you think there was
outrage at their conviction and execution?
What can we learn about the Second Red Scare that can be applied to our lives today?
What can we learn about the Rosenberg Trial that can be applied to our lives today?
10
Vocabulary & Map
Define the following words /terms:
United Nations: Maintains world security – made of all officially recognized nations
General Assembly: All member nations of UN
Security Council: France, Soviet Union, GB, China, US have veto power and make
decisions involving international disputes within the UN
Zionism: Movement of people seeking Jewish homeland
Containment: stop the spread of Communism
Satellite Nations: Countries in Eastern Europe that had Communist governments
imposed by Soviet Union in order to ensure they support Russia
Iron Curtain: Winston Churchill called the spread of communism this
Truman Doctrine: Policy to aid any country fighting communism
Marshall Plan: A major effort to promote European recovery
Berlin Airlift: US & British planes gave aid to people of West Berlin
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Org. – Member nations pledged to defend each other from
outside attacks
Mao Zedong: Leader of the People’s Republic of China (Communist)
Kim Il Sung: Leader of Communist North Korea
Eisenhower Doctrine: Military aid to Middle eastern nations seeking help to resist
Communism
U-2 Incident: Ending of Cold War thaw – Soviets shot down a US spy plane
McCarthyism: Convinced that spies and communists were everywhere
Sputnik: First artificial satellite - 1957
Hydrogen bomb: 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb
11
Korean War – Key Places
Identify the following places on the map by labeling and coloring each
location with a DIFFERENT COLOR.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
United States
Israel
Syria
Jordan
Egypt
6. Japan
7. China
8. Soviet Union
9. Great Britain
10. France
11. Hungary
12. Pacific Ocean
13. Atlantic Ocean
14. Honduras
15. Brazil
16. North Korea
17. South Korea
18. Iran
19. Guatemala
20. Suez Canal
8
16
11
9
10
17
1
13
18
5
7
6
14
19
15
12
12
Chapter 19 Review
Yalta Conference
(Who was there, why was it held?)
Tokyo Trial
(Where was it held, why was it held and what
did it set standards for?)
FDR, Stalin & Churchill met BEFORE WWII
was over in order to discuss peace efforts after
the war.
Truman, Churchill & Stalin met AFTER WWII
was over and divided Germany into four zones
and discussed how to rebuild industry & gov.
Nuremberg, Germany - they decided the fate of
Nazi leaders accusing them of committing war
crimes and crimes against humanity.
Tokyo, Japan – set standards for international
law and conduct of war and it was held to hold
individuals accountable for their actions.
United Nations
(What is it, who is involved?)
Maintains world security, made of ALL
officially recognized nations of the world
Potsdam Conference
(Who was there, why was it held?)
Nuremberg Trial
(Where was it held, why was it held?)
UN Security Council
Security Council made of France, Soviet
(What is it, what power does it have and who is Union, Great Britain, China & U.S. and they
involved?)
can veto and make decisions regarding
international disputes
Palestine
(How is this tied to UN, why was it
important?)
Arab-Israeli War
(Where is it held, how is US involved, why did
it happen?)
Reasons for Cold War (3)
38th Parallel
(What is it, why is it important, what did it
divide?)
CIA
(How did Eisenhower use this and where was
it used in “secret” to influence governments)
First major conflict the UN faced and it was
important because it caused the Arab-Israeli
War and included unresolved issues that we
deal with today.
Held in Palestine because UN recognized
Israel as a new nation – making Arabs
unhappy – Arabs DID NOT recognize Israel as
a new nation. U.S. was involved because they
recognized Israel as a new nation.
-Soviet Union influenced Eastern Europe with
satellite nations
-US and Soviet Union began arms build up and
competition for global power
-US goal was to contain communism
Split between communist North Korea and
nationalist South Korea – It was important
because of the Korean War started and ended
at the 38th Parallel
Eisenhower used this in order to secretly
contain communism & to put Prodemocratic/anti-communist governments in
power.
13
Joseph McCarthy
(What was he in charge of, what were his
tactics compared to?)
Sputnick
(What is it, who launched it?)
Requirements made in order to stabilize Japan
(5)
Korean War
(Background, who was on each side, which
side did U.S. support, which side did Soviet
Union support, how did it end?)
He was a Senator from WI, who led an anticommunist campaign in the U.S. His tactics
were compared to the Salem Witch Trials
because he accused individuals of being under
communist influence with little or no evidence.
Sputnick was the first artificial satellite
launched by the Soviet Union.
-Hirohito – leader – remained in the palace,
but his powers were taken away.
-Demobilized several million Japanese troops
-Gave a new constitution and democratic
government.
-Constitution gave women rights, freedom of
religion and prohibited military power.
-Fixed the economy by giving the land to the
farmers, allowing unions and breaking up
zaibatus.
We wanted to contain communism, so when
Communist North Korea invaded Nationalist
South Korea, we stepped in…
U.S. – supported South Korea
Soviet Union – supported North Korea and
later, China also supported North Korea.
The war began at the 38th Parallel, was
incredibly bloody and had many costs in lives,
weapons and money, but eventually ended back
at the 38th Parallel.
Look over VOCABULARY (Pg. 11) and MAP (Pg. 12):
Vocabulary 10 Points on test
Map 10 Points on test
Test Breakdown
13
10
7
10
40
Multiple Choice
Vocabulary Matching
Short Answer
Map Identification
Points Total
14