PERRLA: APA TIPS
The Top APA Mistakes & How We Avoid Them
Using our years of experience, innumerable student papers, and countless
hours of helping students tackle the hardest APA problems, we’ve identified
the top 19 mistakes that students often make in their APA formatting. Take a
look and see how to avoid these troublesome mistakes - and how PERRLA
can help!
1. The Running Head
The running head of your paper must be an abbreviated version of the title of
the paper no longer than 50 characters (including spaces).
PERRLA for APA
has helped over
500,000 students
write millions of
perfectly formatted
APA papers since
1998.
Luckily, PERRLA always formats your running head in the proper APA format, with the word ‘head’ in
lowercase. Here’s an example of a PERRLA paper’s default running head: 2. First Page Paper Titles
Although you have a Title page, the title of your paper should also be on first line of your actual
paper before the introduction. It should be centered, initial capitalized, and unbolded.
Just like the running head, PERRLA sets up your title on the first page of the actual paper, in the
proper format without you having to worry about it. Here’s an example: 3. Title & Assignment Name
The title of your paper should mirror the title of the assignment you’ve been given whether it is in
your syllabus, on a grading rubric, or given to you in class. This lets you and the teacher keep the
assignment and the paper coordinated.
PERRLA will properly format the title you enter. After you’ve created it, you can edit your title page
information at any time by using PERRLA’s built-in Edit Title Page function.
4. Page Breaks After a Heading
No one likes to be left alone - headings are no exception. You should avoid having your headings
and their text be separated by a page break. If your heading does get left behind on a page, enter
some hard returns or page break so that the header accompanies its text on the next page.
Using PERRLA in Word means that you won’t have this problem because of its Widow and Orphan
Control.
5. Commas After Dates in Sentences
This is a tricky one. When using a date in a sentence, you should put a comma after the year. For
example, “Sasquatch was first captured on April 1, 1986, in Spokane, Washington.” Make sure this
little extra comma doesn’t catch you off guard.
6. Using Multiple Fonts
APA papers should only use one font. We see lots of papers with different fonts for different parts of
the paper - one for the body of the paper and another for the running head and references.
Although different fonts may make a paper look “pretty”, APA has very little appreciation for art.
PERRLA does appreciate art, but it knows your APA paper isn’t the place for it. It automatically sets
up your papers with a default font of Times New Roman at 12 points. But you have to be careful
when pasting in text from outside sources (like the internet). They can sometimes bring unwanted
formatting along with them. You can check out our Knowledge Base Article, “Font Changed” to
learn about avoiding this issue.
7. Reference Page Header
The reference page’s header should be “Reference” unbolded, centered, and Initial capitalized.
With PERRLA, you don’t have to worry about your Reference page’s formatting at all. We take care
of it from start to finish. Here’s an example:
8. Periodicals & Page Numbers
This one is tricky if you are trying to do it yourself. Periodical references like journals, magazines,
and newsletters, should include the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume
number if the periodical is paginated by issue. If each issue doesn’t start with page 1, only include
the volume number.
PERRLA can handle the trickiest of APA
formats. When you are entering a
periodical reference using the PERRLA
Reference Wizard, we ask if each issue
begins with page 1. If you choose Yes,
then we’ll prompt you for the issue
number. If not, we don’t ask you for it and
it isn’t included. Check it out:
In PERRLA, we’ve painstakingly worked to
add helpful text to each step of the
Reference Wizard. Following their
directions means you’ll never be steered in
the wrong direction!
9. Referencing URL’s
Although we don’t use it very often in everyday language, it’s necessary to include the “http://
www.”, “https://www.”, etc. before any URL. While you may not need this to find the site on your
browser, you do need it to keep your APA formatting in line.
10. Ellipses & Spaces
You’ll find that ellipses are necessary parts of some APA formatting requirements. Most modern
word processors will automatically add small spaces between each period of an ellipses once you
type three of them in a row. But, if yours doesn’t, make sure you add a space between each period.
While the APA guidelines don’t specify which way is preferred, they do ask that you stay consistent
in whichever method you choose.
11. Formatting & Website Titles
Titles are some of the most confusing parts of
any formatting system and APA is no
exception. There are two places where
website titles can go wrong. The first is in the
reference or citation itself. In a reference, the
title should be italicized and only capitalize the
first word of the title/subtitle and any proper
nouns (like a normal sentence).
PERRLA’s Reference Wizard helps students
catch this by providing help text as you enter
the website’s title. All you have to do is enter
the title, we take care of the formatting like
usual.
You can also encounter a website title in
the body of your paper. In this case, you
need to determine if the particular
website you’re referencing is part of a
larger entity (like a specific article on an
online encyclopedia) or whether it stands
alone as a page itself (like a video link or
online document). Each of these is
treated differently. While it is confusing,
this table from Chelsea Lee on the APA’s
style blog can be very helpful. You can
find “How to Capitalize and Format
Reference Titles in APA Style” on APA
Style at http://www.blog.apastyle.org. 12. Journal Titles
Journal titles can be really long sometimes. But, as tempting as it is, you shouldn’t ever abbreviate
the title in your reference - even if it is obvious what journal you are referencing.
13. Missing Dates
It’s important to know that most online sources contain a publication date - especially if they are
reputable enough to be used in a research paper. A copyright or updated date can often be found
at the bottom of the website’s page. In situations where there really isn’t one, make sure you put
“n.d.” for the date in your reference.
Like all of the steps in PERRLA’s Reference Wizard, we offer this helpful piece of advice in the Help
Text on that particular step.
14. Paragraph Spacing
The spacing between paragraphs should be exactly double. By default, Word often puts a 6 point
space after you press Enter. This means that the space between your paragraphs can be a bit
larger than it should.
PERRLA takes care of this for you. By using PERRLA to write your paper, you don’t have to worry
about the spacing between your paragraphs (or anywhere else)!
15. Putting Periods in the Right Spot
While this may seem strange, the final punctuation for your sentences - usually a period - should be
outside of your reference at the very end of the sentence. For example: “Sasquatch are usually five
to seven feet tall (Stephens, 1995).”
16. Title Case
Title case is the method for capitalizing certain
titles in APA. In title case, you capitalize the
first word and all following words except for
articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, or,
etc.), and propositions (on, in, with, etc.). One
word that seems to slip by more than all the
others is “of”. Unless it is the first word in the
title, don’t capitalize it.
PERRLA’s Reference Wizard offers a helpful tip
for ensuring that your reference’s title is always
capitalized properly: copy the title of your
reference in exactly the same way that the
periodical capitalizes it. When in doubt, follow
the example of the professionals.
17. Capitalizing Subtitles
Subtitles are the part of a title that comes after the colon. While this isn’t the first word in the title, it
should be treated like it and always capitalized - even if it is an article, conjunction, or proposition.
18. Website References
There are lots of places to use colons: emoticons, before a list, and joining an independent and
subordinate clause. But, you should never use one after “Retrieved from” in a website reference in
APA.
Like all of the over 300 different reference types, PERRLA perfectly formats website references so
that there aren’t any mis-placed colons. 19. Spaces between Initials
Everyone sounds cooler when they’re referenced with their initials. Just make sure you give each
initial the space that it needs by putting periods and spaces after the letter. Although we may know
who you mean when you say “Roosevelt, FD”, a name like Franklin Delano Roosevelt should be
given the gravitas it deserves: “Roosevelt, F. D.”.
PERRLA’s Reference Wizard not only gives you the help text to enter this information correctly the
first time, it also keeps all of the initials in your references in the perfect (and cool) APA format.