Kuwait Financial Centre “Markaz”
RESEARCH
October 2012
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M.R. Raghu CFA, FRM
Head of Research
+965 2224 8280
rmandagolathur@markaz.com
Kuwait Financial Centre
S.A.K. “Markaz”
P.O. Box 23444, Safat 13095,
Kuwait
Tel: +965 2224 8000
Fax: +965 2242 5828
markaz.com
GCC Sovereign Equity Risk Premium
A Search for the Elusive Proxy Number
Valuation in emerging markets is mostly considered as a futile exercise due
to several difficulties which include data availability, regulatory & political
risks, and a totally different capital market in terms of efficiency, liquidity,
and participants. Due to the absence of financial models developed
specifically for emerging markets, models which work in the West are
adopted in the developing countries as well. One key input in such models
is the Cost of Equity which is arrived at using the Equity risk premium
(ERP).
Equity risk premium is the extra return that investors collectively demand
for investing in stocks instead of holding it in a risk less investment. Equity
risk premiums are a central component of every risk and return model in
finance and are a key input into estimating costs of equity and capital in
both corporate finance and valuation1.
Credit Suisse Research Institute compiles historical equity risk premium
from the year 1900 to 2011 for 19 markets across the world. Due to the
volatile nature of equities, historical returns are not a reliable measure of
equity risk premiums. It becomes doubly challenging in emerging markets
where such a long history is not available. The challenge for GCC is all the
more glaring in the absence of a yield curve.
This note is an attempt to contemplate different ways of calculating equity
risk premium for GCC markets which can be used in valuation and capital
budgeting. We acknowledge that each of the methods discussed in the
report has its own merits & demerits, and there is no foolproof method to
find out equity risk premium. The method to be practiced depends really on
the purpose and availability of data points. We intend to have this report
updated on a quarterly basis so that regional investors are kept informed
about the changing market dynamics.
Equity Risk Premium for GCC Countries
ERP based on
Rating
ERP based on
Country
Spreads
CDS Spreads
Bahrain
7.6%
9.1%
Kuwait
6.6%
NA
Oman
7.0%
7.8%
Qatar
6.6%
6.8%
Saudi Arabia
6.8%
6.8%
Abu Dhabi
6.6%
6.8%
Dubai
NA
6.8%
Source: Markaz Research
1
Aswath Damodaran - Equity Risk Premium Report
Implied ERP
based on
Stock Indices
7.6%
7.8%
8.1%
7.1%
7.4%
8.0%
6.8%
MARKAZ RESEARCH
October 2012
Equity Risk Premium - Findings
The simplest way to
compute ERP is to
calculate the long
term returns earned
by stocks over risk
free investments
The simplest way to compute Equity risk premium is to calculate the actual
long term returns earned by the country‟s stocks over risk free investments
(probably Sovereign bonds). At first sight, this calculation seems easy. But
the method has inherent problems (discussed below) especially for markets
like the GCC.

Not all GCC countries have instruments which can be considered risk
free. This is either because sovereign bonds were not issued (Ex.
Kuwait) or because governments may have default risk (Ex. Dubai).

Most GCC indices are still below their levels reached in 2004 implying
negative historical equity returns for an 8 year period. And even if
returns improve, the risk premiums may not be large enough to reflect
the true picture accounting for volatility of the regional equities.

The oldest stock market in the GCC was established a little more than
30 years ago (Kuwait) and the recent one (UAE) being only 12 years
old. Almost all GCC exchanges are still undergoing a lot of
transformation in terms of regulations, trading platforms, instrument
availability, and corporate disclosures. This coupled with nascent
secondary market for bonds will make the risk premiums calculated with
historical numbers inaccurate.

Equity markets are volatile and risk premiums calculated with short
historical data experience significant estimation errors
Estimating ERP using Default Spreads
Method 1 - Sovereign Rating: Taking the latest US market equity risk
premium of 6.1%2, the ERP of GCC countries are arrived at by adding the
default spread based on their credit rating.
Not
all
GCC
countries
have
instruments
which
can be considered
risk free
ERP for GCC Countries based on Credit Rating
Country
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Abu Dhabi
Rating
Baa1
Aa2
A1
Aa2
Aa3
Aa2
Total Equity Risk Premium
7.6%
6.6%
7.0%
6.6%
6.8%
6.6%
Source: Moody‟s, Aswath Damodaran, Markaz Research
Method 2 – Estimating ERP using CDS spreads: Rating agencies are
generally considered to be slow in updating their ratings. So, instead of
arriving at default spread based on rating, we can use CDS spreads as a
proxy. In this method, the CDS spread of a country‟s bond (adjusted for
spread of risk free country) is considered as default spread instead of
looking at the yield differentials of similarly rated bonds.
2
Aswath Damodaran
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October 2012
Implied equity risk
premium
is
an
alternative approach
to
estimating
risk
premiums
ERP for GCC Countries based on CDS Spread
5Yr
Adjusted
Country
CDS
CDS
Bahrain
3.5%
3.0%
Oman
2.2%
1.7%
Qatar
1.2%
0.7%
Saudi Arabia
1.1%
0.7%
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
United States
1.1%
3.4%
0.5%
Total Equity Risk
Premium
9.1%
7.8%
6.8%
6.8%
0.7%
2.9%
6.8%
9.0%
Source: Thomson Reuters Eikon, Markaz Research
Note: Refer Methodology section for explanation
Method 3: Implied Equity Risk Premium
Implied equity risk premium is an alternative approach to estimating risk
premiums. Assuming that stocks are correctly priced in, if we can estimate
the expected cash flows from buying stocks, then we can estimate the
expected rate of return on stocks by computing an internal rate of return
(IRR). Subtracting out the risk free rate from IRR should yield an implied
equity risk premium.
The inputs required for calculation of Implied ERP were not readily available
for GCC countries. Absence of sovereign bonds for some countries made the
estimation of risk free rate and perpetual growth rate difficult. Also, the lack
of consensus earnings growth estimate makes it hard to determine the
market‟s view on growth for the next 5 years.
Implied Risk Premium for GCC Countries
Country
Index Level*
Implied Equity Risk Premium
Saudi Arabia
6,952
7.36%
Inputs required for
calculation of Implied
ERP were not readily
available
for
GCC
countries.
Kuwait
Qatar
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Oman
Bahrain
5,724
8,332
2,508
1,551
5,465
1,098
7.81%
7.08%
8.04%
6.79%
8.11%
7.64%
Source: Thomson Reuters Eikon, Zawya, Markaz Research
* As of 04-Aug-2012
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Concepts & Methodology
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
CAPM
is
used
to
theoretically determine
the required rate of
return or cost of equity
Normally a company‟s assets are financed by debt or equity or a
combination of both. WACC is the company's cost in which, every source of
capital is weighted in proportion to how much capital it contributes to the
company.
A firm's WACC gives an idea about the overall return that the firm as a
whole needs to generate in order to pay its sources of capital. Hence, this is
normally the hurdle rate which is used by the company‟s management for
capital budgeting decisions. WACC is also used for discounting the firm‟s
cash flows so as to arrive at the firm‟s overall value.
For a company with only debt and equity funding, WACC will be calculated
as
WACC = (After Tax Cost of Debt * (Debt/(Debt + Equity))) + (Cost
of Equity (Equity/(Debt + Equity)))
In the above equation, practitioners normally use the terms „Cost of Equity‟
and „Required Return to Equity‟ interchangeably. Although there is a subtle
difference between the terms, it is usually computed using the Capital Asset
Pricing Model (CAPM)
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
CAPM is often used to theoretically determine the required rate of return or
cost of equity. While CAPM is often criticized for its assumptions and flaws,
it is still the most widely used model for calculating cost of equity.
Usually
government
bond rates are used as
risk free rates but not
all government bonds
are risk free
Cost of Equity = Risk free Rate + Equity Beta * (Equity Risk
Premium)
Government bond yields are used as risk free rates
Historical risk premiums are used for Equity risk premium
Beta is estimated by regressing stock returns against market returns
Risk Free Rate
On a risk free asset, the actual return should be the same as expected
return. Usually government bond rates are used as risk free rates but not all
government securities are risk free. Some governments face default risk
and hence their bonds are priced so as to include the default risk premium.
In such cases, we need to negate out the effect of default risk premium to
find out the local currency risk free rate.
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Calculating Risk Free Rate
Beta is a measure of a
company‟s systematic
risk (non-diversifiable
risk)
Beta
Beta is a measure of a company‟s systematic risk (non-diversifiable risk). It
is often computed by regressing stock returns against market returns.
Usually, the most followed equity market index is used as a proxy for
market returns. Beta is easily available from most database providers.
Beta is difficult to calculate for emerging market companies where the
market is illiquid and often lacks depth. Restrictions on historical data also
pose a problem.
One way to mitigate the errors in beta computation is to take the global
industry beta based on the firm‟s business and adjust it according to firm‟s
operating leverage and capital structure.
Equity Risk Premium
Equity risk premium is
the extra return that
investors demand for
investing in stocks
instead of holding it in
a risk less investment
Equity risk premium is the extra return that investors collectively demand
for investing in stocks instead of holding it in a risk less investment. To put
it differently, equity risk premium reflects what investors expect to earn on
equities over and above the risk free rate.
Equity risk premium (ERP) is one of the most important factor in any
investment decision and yet it is the most elusive as well. The reasons
being – practitioners use different methods for calculating ERP, it is affected
by investor sentiments which are not always rational and there is an
element of approximation especially for emerging market countries due to
problems of data availability. Pablo Fernandez reviewed 150 textbooks on
corporate finance and valuation and noted that equity risk premiums varied
widely across books from 3% to 10%3.
Equity risk premium can be determined based on either historical data,
assuming that the future will be like the past or by using estimates that
attempt to forecast the future. Both methods have their proponents and
critics.
3
Pablo Fernandez, 2010, The Equity Premium in 150 Textbooks
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Equity Risk Premium – Uses
Equity risk premium finds usage in several important steps of investing. ERP
ascertains the expected return on all risky investments and consequently
affects the value of those investments.
ERP is used in asset
allocation decisions to
determine how much
is
allocated
to
different asset classes
At a broader level, ERP is used in asset allocation decisions to determine
how much of the portfolio is allocated to different asset classes. ERP is also
used to determine how much is allocated to various geographies.
After narrowing down on asset allocation, risk premiums come into play for
valuing individual companies. The most common method for valuing
financial assets is to discount the expected cash flows from the asset to
determine its present value. Since the expected cash flows carry some risk,
the discount rate is adjusted to account for the risk. ERP is an important
component of the determining the discount rate. When investors perceive
higher risk, equity risk premiums rise, and will therefore lead to lower
prices.
Equity risk premium also plays a part in capital budgeting decisions. The
worthiness of a new investment / expansion is determined by whether the
project can generate higher returns than the cost that is attached to the
invested capital. Equity risk premium moves the cost of equity and cost of
capital which are used for project evaluations.
Corporations and governments set aside contributions for future pension
and health care obligations based on their expectations of equity market
returns. Assuming a higher equity risk premium will lead to smaller amounts
being set aside to cover future obligations and vice versa.
Country Risk Premium
Equity risk premium
also plays a part in
capital
budgeting
decisions
Doing valuation in emerging markets is a bit difficult as investors have to
deal with additional risks which include macroeconomic volatility, capital
controls, regulatory changes, and political risks. There are two ways in
which these emerging market risks can be captured while valuing
companies or evaluating projects. The first is to incorporate the risks in cash
flow projections and the other is to add the extra risk premium to the
discount rate.
There are arguments favouring both the methods and selecting which one
to use really depends on the purpose and availability of data points.
Arguments FOR adjusting cash flows:
1. The basic argument against adding country risk premium to the
discount rate is that country risks are diversifiable and theory indicates
that the cost of capital should reflect only non-diversifiable risk. So by
holding a geographically diversified portfolio, country risks can be
eliminated. Also, diversifiable risks are better handled in cash flows.
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October 2012
Emerging
market
investors have to deal
with additional risks
while doing valuation
2. Many risks in a country don‟t apply equally to all the industries in that
country. So using the same country risk premium for all the companies
in a country leads to incorrect valuations.
Arguments AGAINST adjusting cash flows:
1. Geographical diversification might reduce some country specific risk but
as correlation between markets increase, country risk becomes nondiversifiable and can hence command a premium.
2. Accounting for country risk in the cash flows through probabilityweighted scenarios may be difficult to do because many of the risks are
not quantifiable and hence requires a lot of qualitative inputs. It is hard
for someone doing valuation to estimate GDP growth, inflation, forex
rates etc and assign probabilities so as to find out its effect on the
company‟s cash flows. There is also a problem of accounting for low
probability, high impact „Black Swan‟ events.
Estimating ERP using Default Spreads
In this section, we will discuss about computing equity risk premium using
the country default spreads, for markets which have data limitations. This
method keeps the mature market premium (say US) as a base, and then
augments it by adding a country risk premium (default spread) for the
country.
ERP Emerging market = ERP Mature market + Country risk premium
That country risk premium can be computed using the following methods:
Dollar denominated sovereign bond: If a country has a US dollar
denominated bond, then the bond‟s spread over US treasuries will give an
indication about the country‟s default risk.
Sovereign Rating: If the country doesn‟t have a USD denominated bond,
then the default spread can be estimated from the country‟s sovereign
rating. Using similarly rated countries as a proxy; we can get the spread of
the proxy country‟s dollar denominated bond (against US Treasuries) and
use it as an approximate measure of country risk.
There are two ways in
which
emerging
market risks can be
captured while valuing
companies
The pitfall with this method is that:
1. Rating agencies are generally considered to be slow in updating their
ratings.
2. Using credit risk of a country as a proxy for the risk faced by equity
investors overlooks the fact that equity investments can often be more
risky than bonds.
CDS spreads: The inaccuracy caused due to delayed rating action can be
rectified using the country‟s CDS spread as a proxy for default risk. Credit
default swap market allows one to buy insurance against default risk of the
bond. The values are market-driven and current thus reflecting a more
accurate picture. Taking the CDS spread of the country in question and
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October 2012
adjusting it with the CDS spread of a country like US or Germany will give
us the default risk specific to that country.
Implied equity risk
premium approach
assumes that stocks
are correctly priced
in
The problem of credit risk not being a good indicator of riskiness of a
country‟s equities can be tackled by multiplying the default spread of a
country by relative volatility of equities over bonds.
Adjusted
Default Spread
=
Default
Spread
X
S.D. of Country's Equities
S.D. of Country's Bonds
S.D. = Standard Deviation
Implied Equity Risk Premium
Implied equity risk premium is an alternative approach to estimating risk
premiums that does not require historical data or corrections for country
risk but assumes that the market, overall, is correctly priced.
If we assume that stocks are correctly priced in and if we can estimate the
expected cash flows from buying stocks, then we can estimate the expected
rate of return on stocks by computing an internal rate of return. Subtracting
out the risk free rate should yield an implied equity risk premium.
We can use a simple one stage dividend discount model or can extend the
model to allow for dividends to grow at high rates for short periods and
then make assumptions for perpetual growth rate.
The advantage of implied premium approach is that it is market-driven and
current, and it does not really require historical data except for making
estimates about the future.
Implied ERP - Methodology & Calculation
The advantage of
implied
premium
approach is that it is
market-driven and
current




Average dividend yield over the last 7 years was considered for
calculations.
Yield on 10 year government bonds adjusted for default risk is taken as
risk free rate. For countries without sovereign bonds, yield on quasisovereign issues or yield of countries with similar credit rating is
considered as a proxy for arriving at risk free rate.
Expected growth rate over the next 5 years is computed by a
combination of earnings growth over the last few years and our
expectations for the next 5 years.
Perpetual growth rate is deduced using IMF‟s growth forecast, interest
rate and our assessment of the economy.
Let us





consider the following information for the Saudi Arabian market:
TASI index level = 6,952
Dividend Yield = DY%
Expected dividend growth rate for next 5 years = 17.6%
Expected perpetual growth rate = 4%
Local currency risk free rate = 2.4%
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6952
D1
(1+R)
D2
(1+R)
D3
2
(1+R)
D4
3
(1+R)
D5
4
(1+R)
D5 /(R - 0.04)
5
(1+R)5
Solving for R, we get R = 9.8%
Implied Risk Premium = 7.4% = (9.8% – 2.4%)
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Appendix 1: Historical Risk Premiums - Premium vs Bonds (% p.a.)
Country
2002–2011
1987–2011
1962–2011
1900–2011
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
-1.2
-5.4
-1.8
-0.9
-7.4
-5.7
-1.7
-1.2
-1.5
-0.4
1.5
-2.0
2.8
0.6
0.8
0.2
3.8
-1.6
5.6
2.5
3.4
1.6
5.2
3.0
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New Zealand
-5.0
-6.7
-6.3
-4.9
-6.9
-2.0
-2.0
-1.3
-5.2
-7.3
0.7
-7.1
-0.5
3.0
-2.5
-2.3
2.8
2.0
5.1
2.8
3.5
4.7
3.3
3.6
Norway
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
U.K.
2.5
3.9
0.7
-1.1
-3.3
-2.4
0.8
0.7
1.7
0.9
1.5
-0.6
2.2
6.5
2.6
4.1
1.0
2.7
2.2
5.3
2.1
3.5
1.9
3.6
U.S.
World-ex U.S.
World
Europe
-4.7
-4.5
-3.5
-3.9
0.2
-1.9
-3.1
-0.7
1.7
0.4
-0.1
0.6
4.1
3.5
3.5
3.7
Source: Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Yearbook 2012
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Appendix 2: Market Risk Premium used for 82 countries – Survey
Results
Number of
Country
Average Median
answers
Country
Average Median
USA
5.5
5.4
2,223
Pakistan
9.5
9.5
Spain
6.0
5.5
958
Egypt
9.2
8.0
Germany
5.5
5.0
281
Singapore
6.0
5.7
United Kingdom
5.5
5.0
171
Thailand
8.1
8.1
Italy
5.6
5.5
120
Malaysia
5.9
6.4
Canada
5.4
5.5
94
Saudi Arabia
6.5
6.5
Mexico
7.5
6.8
87
Kazakhstan
7.5
8.0
Brazil
7.9
7.0
86
Philippines
7.4
6.1
France
5.9
6.0
85
Kuwait
6.8
6.6
China
8.7
7.1
82
Nigeria
10.1
8.5
Australia
5.9
6.0
73
Romania
7.7
8.0
South Africa
6.5
6.0
73
UAE
8.0
8.0
Netherlands
5.4
5.5
72
Ecuador
13.5
15.9
Russia
7.6
7.0
70
Bahrain
7.3
8.3
Switzerland
5.4
5.3
68
Croatia
7.8
9.0
India
8.0
8.0
66
Oman
6.6
7.3
Chile
6.1
5.6
63
Bulgaria
8.3
8.6
Norway
5.8
5.5
58
Qatar
7.1
7.0
Sweden
5.9
6.0
58
Bolivia
10.2
10.5
Austria
5.7
6.0
57
Lebanon
9.0
9.0
Colombia
7.9
7.5
57
Morocco
7.3
7.3
Belgium
6.0
6.0
54
Senegal
11.0
11.0
Portugal
7.2
6.5
53
Vietnam
10.8
12.0
Argentina
10.9
10.0
50
Panama
9.2
9.0
Greece
9.6
7.4
47
Venezuela
12.2
12.0
Poland
6.4
6.0
45
Malta
6.6
7.5
Denmark
5.5
5.0
43
Slovenia
6.5
7.3
Japan
5.5
5.0
41
Zimbabwe
10.5
12.5
Peru
8.1
8.0
41
Costa Rica
8.5
9.0
New Zealand
6.2
6.0
40
Cyprus
7.9
9.0
Czech Republic
6.8
7.0
38
Iran
17.2
19.5
Finland
6.0
6.0
37
Kenya
6.2
7.0
Turkey
8.4
9.0
37
Slovakia
6.9
7.3
Luxembourg
6.0
6.0
35
Uruguay
9.3
9.6
Taiwan
7.7
7.1
32
Zambia
7.2
7.0
Ireland
6.6
6.0
31
Albania
11.1
12.0
Israel
6.0
5.8
30
Trinidad&Tobago
9.8
8.3
Korea (South)
6.7
7.3
30
Guatemala
10.1
9.6
Indonesia
8.1
8.0
28
Honduras
13.9
13.5
Hungary
7.4
7.0
26
Lituania
7.9
8.3
Hong Kong
6.4
6.2
24
Ghana
9.6
10.0
Source: Fernandez et al (2012) - Market Risk Premium used in 82 countries in 2012: a survey with 7,192 answers
Number of
answers
24
23
23
22
21
21
20
18
17
17
17
17
16
14
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
7
7
7
5
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Disclaimer
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MARKAZ RESEARCH
October 2012
MARKAZ RESEARCH OFFERINGS
Economic Research
GCC Demographic s (July – 12)
Infrastructure
Research*
Power
Sector Research
Capital Markets Research
Periodic Research
Country Reports
Banking & Financial Services
Inc luding GCC in the MSCI EM
Index (Oc t- 12)
Daily
Real Estate Research
Got a CMA: What Next? (Feb- 12)
KSA(2012)
Kuwait(2012)
G CC: Kuwait, KSA, Abu Dhabi,
Dubai, Qatar
GCC Banking Sec tor (2012)*
Alpha Abound (Aug- 12)
Markaz Daily
Morning Brief
Daily Fixed Inc ome
Update
How is the GCC preparing for a
AA+ World? (Sept- 11)
UAE(2012)
Qatar(2012),
Le va nt: Lebanon, Jordan, Syria
Kuwait Investment Sec tor (Mar- 12)
GCC Defensive Bellwether Stoc ks
(Jan- 12)
Markaz Kuwait
Watc h
Oil & Gas Bulletin
North Afric a : Egypt, Algeria
Stress Testing Kuwait Banks (May- 11)
KSE 15 Index (Sept- 11)
MENA Unrest (Apr- 11)
Kuwait Development Plan (Mar11)
Kuwait Capital Market Law
(Mar- 10)
The “ Vic ious Square” Monetary
Polic y options for Kuwait (Feb08)
To Leap or To Lag: Choic es
before GCC Regulators (Apr- 07)
GCC for Fundamentalists
(Dec - 06)
GCC Leverage Risk (Nov- 06)
Diworsific ation: The GCC Oil
Stranglehold (Jan- 09)
GCC(2012)
Ports
Kuwait Investment Sec tor (Sept- 10)
The Golden Portfolio (Sept- 10)
The New Regulations on Kuwait
Investment Sec tor (Jun- 10)
Persistenc e in Performanc e (Jun10)
Real Estate Market Commentary
Thematic Reports
GCC Banks - Done with Provisions?
(Jan- 10)
Missing the Rally (Jun- 09)
Monthly
GCC(2012)
GCC Real Estate Financ ing (Sep- 09)
Shelter in a Storm (Mar- 09)
This Too Shall Pass (Jan- 09)
Aviation
GCC Supply Adjustments (Apr- 09)
Banking Sweet spots (Apr- 08)
Fishing in Troubled Waters (Dec 08)
MENA Real Estate Monthly Round Up
GCC Distressed Real Estate
Opportunities (Sep- 09)
GCC Petrochemicals *
Down and Out: Saudi Stoc k
Outlook (Oc t- 08)
International Market Update
Mr. GCC Market- Manic Depressive
(Sept- 08)
Quarterly
To Yield or Not To Yield (May- 08)
GCC Corporate Earnings
China and India: Too Muc h Too
Fast (Oc t- 07)
Semi-Annual
A Potential USD 140b Industry:
Review of Asset Management
Industry in Kuwait (Sep- 07)
GCC Market Outlook
A Gulf Emerging Portfolio: And
Why Not? (Jun- 07)
GCC Equity Researc h Statistic s
KSA(2012)
Inte rna tiona l: USA
Weekly
MENA Market
Intelligenc e
UAE(2012)
Qatar(2012)
Oman(2012)
UAE(2012)
GCC(2012)
Water
Dubai Real Estate Meltdown (Feb- 09)
GCC Healthcare *
GCC(2012)
ICT
Real Estate Perspectives
GCC(2012)
UAE 3 year property visa (Jul- 11)
Roads and Railways
Infrastruc ture and Amenities (Sep- 11)
GCC(2012)
Unfolding of Oversupply in Abu Dhabi
(Nov- 11)
GCC Asset Management &
Investment Banking Report
2012*
GCC Metals & Mining*
Market Review
KSE Market Review
Regional Petroleum
Projec ts Commentary
Derivatives Market in GCC (Mar07)
Managing GCC Volatility (Feb- 07)
* P a id Ca te gory: Exe c utive
S umma ry a nd Ta ble of
Conte nts a va ila ble for fre e
downloa d
Website
Email
Contact
Channel Partners
Bloomberg - Type “MRKZ”
www.e-marmore.com
research@markaz.com
Tel: +965 2224 8000
Ext. 1814, 1201
Fax: +965 2249 8740
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