Nant y Ffrith
Wind Turbine
Environmental Statement
Non - Technical Summary
Prepared By
West Coast Energy Limited
Mynydd Awel
Mold Business Park
Maes Gwern
Mold
CH7 1XN
CONTENTS
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site Selection
Site Layout
Wind Turbine Specification
Turbine Foundations & Crane Hardstandings
Substation & Grid Connection
Site Access
1.3
RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY & TARGETS
UK
Wales
1.4
BENEFITS OF NANT Y FFRITH WIND TURBINE
Environmental Benefits
Economic Benefits
Fuel Poverty
Community Benefits
Public Perception & Tourism
1.5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Landscape & Visual
Ecology & Ornithology
Noise
Safety & Infrastructure
Transportation and Construction
1.6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Site Location and Transportation Route
Site Layout & Application Boundary
NANT Y FFRITH WIND TURBINE
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1.
This document is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) of the Environmental
Statement (ES) that has been submitted alongside a planning application
to Flintshire County Council for planning permission to develop a wind
turbine and associated ancillary development on land at Mount Farm,
Ffrith. The proposal will be referred to as Nant Y Ffrith Wind Turbine.
1.1.2.
The proposed site lies approximately 2.4km south-west of the village of
Llanfynydd, approximately 2.3km north of Bwlchgwyn and approximately
2.8km south of Treuddyn.
1.1.3.
The proposal is for a single wind turbine up to 77m to blade tip height. The
candidate turbine that is used for this application is a EWT DW54, which
has a tower height of 50m and a rotor diameter of 54m, giving a total
height to blade tip of 77m.
1.1.4.
Nant y Ffrith Wind Energy Ltd is a subsidiary company of West Coast
Energy Ltd, a privately owned renewable energy developer and has been
specifically set up to develop Nant y Ffrith Wind Turbine. West Coast
Energy Ltd will be the agent managing the application process.
1.1.5.
Established in 1996 West Coast Energy has developed a reputation as
one of the most successful independent wind energy providers, having
successfully managed the completion of planning consent for wind farms
and extensions, representing around 670MW of capacity, and has
potential sites equating to a further 200MW at various planning and
preparatory stages.
1.1.6.
The Environmental Statement (ES) for Nant y Ffrith Wind Turbine has
been prepared in four volumes and the contents are described below:
ES Volume 1: This contains the written text of the EIA, including site
selection and project description, the planning context, and
various technical studies and environmental assessments
independently undertaken by experienced consultants.
ES Volume 2: This contains the Appendices that support the assessments
presented in ES Volume 1;
ES Volume 3: This contains the maps and figures that support the
assessments presented in Volumes 1 and 2;
NTS:
The Non-Technical Summary (NTS) is an executive
summary of the Environmental Statement (Volumes 1, 2
and 3), summarising the proposed development, its
potential environmental effects and proposed mitigation
measures.
1.1.7.
The ES should be read in conjunction with the separately bound planning
application documents.
1.1.8.
If you would like to find out more about the Nant y Ffrith Wind Turbine, you
can read the full Environmental Statement at Flintshire County Council’s
planning offices/website.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.1.9.
Alternatively copies of the full application documentation including the
Environmental Statement, can be purchased in paper form for £300 or in
CD version for £10 at the address below. A full PDF version of all the
documents is also available on our website (www.westcoastenergy.co.uk)
1.1.10. For further details about this project, please contact West Coast Energy
Ltd, Mynydd Awel, Mold Business Park, Maes Gwern, Mold, CH7 1XN.
Tel: 01352 757604 or Email: info@westcoastenergy.co.uk.
1.2.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site Selection
1.2.1.
The national energy policy framework provides that renewable energy
resources can only be developed where they occur, and where it is
economically viable to harness them. The selection of an appropriate site
with the potential to support a wind development is a complex and lengthy
process. It involves examining and balancing a number of technical,
environmental and planning issues. Only when it has been determined
that a site is not subject to major known technical, economic or
environmental restrictions is the decision made to invest further resources
in carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and developing
the detailed design of the proposed project.
1.2.2.
Following the desk-based analysis, a number of site visits are then
undertaken to verify information. Nant y Ffrith was identified as a potential
site because of the following primary attributes:
• The mean annual wind speed across the majority of the site is
commercially viable;
• The site does not directly affect any statutory landscape designations;
• The site does not directly affect any cultural heritage or archaeological
interests;
• The site does not directly affect any statutory nature conservation
interests;
• The development would not adversely affect any telecommunication,
transmission or microwave links;
• The development would not adversely affect any civilian or military
aviation operations or safeguarding zones;
• The site is sufficiently distant from properties to enable Government
prescribed noise limits to be met;
• There is no potential for shadow flicker;
• There is potentially a feasible and economically viable connection to
the electricity grid available;
• Transportation routes to the site are suitable for the construction
traffic; and
• The landowners are fully engaged in the project and are delighted to
be part of a renewable energy project of this kind. Their day to day
operations of farming can continue unimpeded during the operation of
the wind turbine.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.2.3.
Having identified the site as suitable in principle for a wind energy
development, the layout and siting of turbine and associated infrastructure
was determined through the EIA process, as reported within this ES.
Environmental and technical constraints both within and outside of the
development site were identified and mapped. Through a dynamic site
design process of iterations and refinement, the potential impacts of the
proposal have been minimised. The final design sites the turbine in order
to capture the maximum wind energy whilst respecting the environmental
and technical constraints.
1.2.4.
Environmental constraints were identified by consultation with relevant
bodies and specialist EIA studies for aspects such as landscape/visual,
access / transport, ecology / ornithology and noise. These included
ensuring upon adequate separation distances between turbine and
neighbouring residential properties to ensure that the stringent noise
emissions limits are met, and that any potential shadow flicker is
minimised.
1.2.5.
From the outset, the primary goal of the project was to produce a site
design that is visually sympathetic and environmentally sustainable, i.e.
ensuring minimal impact to the local environment through the layout of
turbine position, choice of turbine engineering specifications, route of site
access roads and location of ancillary structures.
Site Layout
1.2.6.
The layout for the proposed site is shown in Figure 1.2. The plan indicates
the position of the:
• A single turbine, up to 77m tip,
• vehicular entrance junction;
• route of the on-site access track;
• substation building; and
• temporary construction compound area, site office and welfare
facilities.
1.2.7.
The location of these project elements has been determined after a careful
process of iteration and refinement as described above.
Wind Turbine Specification
1.2.8.
The proposal is for one turbine with a maximum height to blade tip of up to
77m when the blades reach their highest point. As is usual with any wind
energy development, some flexibility is required in specifying turbine
dimensions. Whilst the accompanying planning application is seeking a
maximum blade tip height of up to 77m, the hub height (or tower height)
and the rotor diameter of the turbine will vary slightly between different
manufacturers. It is normal practice with any wind energy planning
application for the final turbine dimensions, manufacturer and detailed
specification to be approved at the post-consent stage through a planning
condition.
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NANT Y FFRITH WIND TURBINE
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.2.9.
The wind turbine will be a three bladed, horizontal axis design, and have a
rated capacity of 500kW. The turbine will be mounted on a tapered tubular
steel tower and consist of a nacelle containing the gearbox, generator and
associated equipment to which are attached a hub and rotor assembly
including three glass fibre-reinforced polyester blades. At its base, the
turbine tower would be approximately 4m in diameter. A transformer, sited
either within the base of the tower or externally sited a few metres from
the turbine tower, would boost the voltage of the turbine’s electricity output
from 690 volts to 33,000 volts.
Turbine Foundations & Crane Hardstandings
1.2.10. The foundation proposed for the turbine would be an inverted ‘T’ in section
consisting of a reinforced central concrete pedestal approximately 3.6
metres square, together with a reinforced concrete slab approximately 12
metres square. The maximum intended depth of the foundations is
approximately 3m. The tower will be attached to the foundation with 3m
long foundation bolts embedded into the concrete. Figure 1.4 of ES
Volume 3 contains plans and sections of the typical foundation design.
Substation & Grid Connection
1.2.11. The electrical power produced by the turbine will be fed to an on-site
substation by underground cables. The location of the substation is shown
in Figure 1.2.
1.2.12. The substation building will measure approximately 5.3m by 3.3m by 3.3m
high and will be constructed and finished using materials that are in
keeping with the area and in accordance with details to be approved by
planning condition by Flintshire County Council. The building will
accommodate all of the equipment necessary for automatic remote control
and monitoring of the wind turbine, together with the electrical switchgear,
fault protection and metering equipment required to connect the wind
turbine to the electricity distribution network. Further details of the
substation are shown on Figure 1.5 of ES Volume 3.
Site Access
1.2.13. The transportation routes and traffic impact are dealt with in section 7.5 of
Chapter 7 Safety & Infrastructure, ES Volume 3. The transport route is
also illustrated on Figure 1.1.
1.2.14. An existing field entrance will be upgraded in order to allow for the turbine
components to be delivered. Full details of the entrance are illustrated on
Figure 1.6 of ES Volume 3.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.3.
RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY & TARGETS
UK
1.3.1.
The Government is committed to increasing the proportion of energy we
use from renewable sources. The UK has been blessed with a wealth of
energy resources but the depletion of our domestic fossil fuels reserves,
combined with projected growth in global energy demand, puts our
security of energy supply at risk.
1.3.2.
The UK is legally obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least
80% by 2050. Also, under the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, the
UK is legally bound to achieve a target of generating at least 15% of all
energy from renewable sources by 2020.
1.3.3
Much of this growth will be focused on electricity generation: to meet the
15% overall renewable energy target, a minimum of 30% of the UK’s
electricity must come from renewable sources by 2020, compared
with around 10% in 2013. The UK has some of the best wind resources in
Europe and therefore wind power as an advanced technology can make a
significant contribution to the UK’s renewable energy targets and
aspirations.
1.3.4
The National Infrastructure Plan1, released in October 2010, commits
the UK to creating a low carbon supply base of energy and long-term
reduction in the dependence on imported hydrocarbons by developing
among other projects “a world-leading array of offshore wind turbines, to
exploit the UK’s abundant offshore wind-resources, supported by major
investment in DC cables and manufacturing facilities at port sites and
private sector investment in onshore wind turbines.”
1.3.5
The UK Renewable Energy Roadmap2 (July 2011) makes a clear
commitment to increasing the deployment of renewable energy across the
UK in the sectors of electricity, heat and transport. According to the
Roadmap, renewables will be a key part of the decarbonisation of the
energy sector necessary by 2030, alongside nuclear, carbon capture and
storage, and improvements in energy efficiency.
Wales
1.3.6
A Low Carbon Revolution – The Welsh Assembly Government
Energy Policy Statement (March 2010). This policy statement sets out
the Welsh Assembly Government’s ambitions for low carbon energy in
Wales and which builds upon recent consultations including the
Renewable Energy Route Map. The statement also reflects the UK policy
position.
1.3.7
The statement’s aim is to renewably generate up-to twice as much
electricity annually by 2025 as used today and by 2050, at the latest, be in
a position where almost all local energy needs, whether for heat, electrical
power or vehicle transport, can be met by low carbon electricity
production.
1
2
HM Treasury, 25 October 2010, National Infrastructure Plan
Department of Energy and Climate Change, July 2011, UK Renewable Energy Roadmap
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.4
BENEFITS OF NANT Y FFRITH WIND TURBINE
Environmental Benefits
1.4.1
The essential benefits of using wind energy for the generation of electricity
are that it is renewable, safe and does not release any gaseous emissions
into the atmosphere during operation. The electricity generated by wind
turbines is connected into the national electricity grid and therefore will
generally displace other sources of generation, and the nature of the
system is that these will normally be fossil fuel sources.
1.4.2
The installed capacity of a wind turbine is a measure of its maximum rated
output, or installed capacity, which in the context of this proposal is likely
to be 500kW.
1.4.3
Assuming a 500kW turbine is installed, and using a standard annual
capacity load factor of 26.4%3, which takes into account the variable
nature of wind frequency and speeds, it is calculated that on average
around 1,156 MWh of electricity would be produced annually by the Nant y
Ffrith Wind Turbine4.
1.4.4
Utilising updated figures of average UK household electricity consumption
of 4,266 kWh per annum5 and a 26.4% capacity factor, computer based
assessment calculates that the proposed wind turbines could each year
supply the average annual domestic needs of approximately 271 homes6.
1.4.5
There has been a debate for a number of years about the actual level of
emissions savings that might arise from a wind turbine development and it
is very difficult to predict the exact benefit of a wind turbine development
over its expected 25 year operational lifecycle. However, one certainty is
that over the course of its 25 year lifetime, every unit (kWh) of electricity
generated by the proposed turbine will offset large amounts of carbon
dioxide (CO2) that would have otherwise been produced if that electricity
had been generated using fossil fuels like coal and gas7.
1.4.6
The proposed wind turbine will therefore benefit the environment by
reducing the demand for other sources of electricity, thereby replacing
significant amounts of brown energy with green energy. The amount of
CO2 savings made is a function of the fossil fuel displaced. The electricity
industry matches the fluctuating daily and seasonal electricity demand
with electricity supply from a variety of generation sources. Nuclear
3
4
5
6
7
A 26.4% capacity factor (CF) figure is derived by taking the average CF for onshore wind for the 5 year period of 2007 to 2011, as
recorded in the 2012 Digest of UK Energy Statistics – Source: DECC 2012 http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/publications/dukes/5956-dukes-2012-chapter-6-renewable.pdf. Actual capacity factor will
vary year on year as there will be periods of maximum and minimal generation, depending on wind speeds and wind turbine
maintenance requirements. Throughout the planning process West Coast Energy will continue to monitor the on-site wind resource.
Calculated as follows: 0.5 (max installed capacity in MW) x 0.264 (capacity factor) x 8760 (number of hours in a year) = 1,156 MWh
per year. The figure is presented as an annual amount in recognition of the fact that throughout the year, the figure will vary, as there
will be periods of maximum and minimal generation, depending on wind speeds and wind turbine maintenance requirements.
DECC, 2012: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49418/4820-subnat-auth-electricity-cons2005-2010.xls
DECC, 2012:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49418/4820-subnat-auth-electricity-cons-2005-2010.xls
The sum used to estimate the number of homes-powered is: 0.5MW x 0.264 CF x 8760 hours x 1000/ 4.27MWh annual consumption.
This sum uses the UK average domestic electricity consumption of 4,266kWh per annum and a 26.4% capacity factor.
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (1994). Select Committee Briefing: Environmental Aspects of Wind Generation.
Crown press
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
stations generate at a constant rate and are termed ‘base load’ energy
because of their inability to follow load fluctuations. Other sources of base
load energy have in recent years been natural gas fired Combined Cycle
Gas Turbines (CCGT) and large scale coal fired plant. The majority of the
load following has been carried out by older, smaller but more flexible coal
fired generators and it is the output from this flexible plant which is
displaced by wind energy.
1.4.7
Thus, as the UK’s electricity generating mix and fuel costs will change
over the 25 year expected operational lifetime of the wind turbine, it is
impractical to precisely quantify the emissions savings over this period of
time.
1.4.8
Renewable UK, the industry body, has taken a conservative line to
quantifying the emissions savings by assuming an average of emissions
across all grid-connected sources of 430g of CO2 per kWh. At planning
Inquiries, it has been known for Planning Inspector’s to adopt this figure as
the “minimum savings figure” from the wind turbines electricity production,
and to conclude that the savings of CO2 were still substantial.
1.4.9
By using this static level of 430g of CO2 per kWh, the Nant y Ffrith Wind
Turbine would offset some 12,400 tonnes of CO2 emissions over 25
years8.
1.4.10
Significant emission savings of NOx and SO2 will also result over the
lifetime of the wind turbine. Once constructed, wind generation produces
no carbon, nitrogen or sulphur emissions.
1.4.11
It should also be noted that the units of electricity produced by this wind
turbine will displace units generated further afield by other centralised and
large scale methods of generation. Embedded generation reduces the
need for long distance transmission of power which produces its own
losses in transmission.
1.4.12
The proposed wind turbine will therefore make an important contribution to
International, European, UK and Welsh commitments to reduce
greenhouse gases and tackle climate change. Further savings will accrue
from reduced energy use, transportation, pollution and congestion,
currently incurred in transporting fossil fuels to power stations.
Economic Benefits
National
1.4.13
Onshore wind energy development brings significant national economic
opportunities. The recently published “Economic Opportunities for
Wales from Future Onshore Wind Development” (January 2013) report
jointly published by Regeneris Consulting and Economy Research Unit at
Cardiff Business School was funded by the Welsh Government and the
renewable energy industry in order to assess the economic opportunities
from onshore wind development for wales.
8
The sum used to estimate total carbon-savings is 0.5MW x 0.264 capacity factor x 8760 hours x 430 /1000. The calculation uses the
430g C02/kWh statistic endorsed by DECC for grams of CO2 emitted when generating 1kWh of electricity. Source: DEFRA 2012 http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/what%20we%20do/supporting%20consumers/saving_energy/analysis/fes-appendix.pdf
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.4.14
The report concluded “that should 2,000MW of installed capacity be
developed by 2015 and should Wales be able and prepared to capture its
expected share of investment, there is the opportunity to secure £2.3
billion of Gross Value Added (GVA) between 2012 and 2050, with over
2,000 full time employed jobs per annum on average in this period”.
Local
1.4.15
West Coast Energy Ltd is a leading independent wind energy developer
based in Mold, North Wales. The company was established in 1996 and
operates throughout the UK and has recently expanded operations into
Europe. West Coast Energy Ltd falls within the West Coast Group, which
comprises Atmos Consulting (an environmental and renewable energy
consultancy), WCE Polska (onshore wind farm developer in Poland) and
WCE Network Services (arboreal cutting services to the electrical DNOs).
1.4.16
The company has invested significantly in its Welsh headquarters in Mold,
building a £2M eco office at Mold Business Park in 2009. The office
building is already multi award winning and is also one of the few privately
funded buildings in Wales to receive a BREEAM Excellent Rating for its
environmental credentials. It also demonstrates WCE’s commitment to
investing in Wales and in Flintshire.
1.4.17
The office development has provided an opportunity to continue to invest
heavily in training up a skilled workforce and provide quality jobs for the
Welsh economy. The company has plans to further invest in Wales in the
future and believes its North Wales base and workforce makes it well
placed to develop and grow as Wale’s transitions to a low carbon
economy.
1.4.18
In relation to the proposed turbine, the aims of West Coast Energy are
twofold;
• to develop an asset base within Flintshire;
• to generate local renewable energy in order to reduce the WCE
Group of companies carbon footprint.
1.4.19
West Coast Energy Ltd together with its other group companies are a
relatively high user of electric both within the local area and further afield
in the various other offices throughout the UK. The first step of reducing
the amount of electricity (and gas) the company consumes was to move
the head office to a purpose built, sustainable office.
1.4.20
It is envisaged that the next part of this vision is to develop local
renewable energy projects such as the Nant y Ffrith Wind Turbine in order
to gain an indirect electricity supply link from a renewable energy source.
This will not only allow us to have higher security of electricity price but will
also significantly reduce our carbon usage, theoretically allowing us to be
become a ‘Carbon Negative’ business.
1.4.21
Significant sums of money are involved in the development, construction
and operation of a wind turbine. The estimated cost to construct the Nant
y Ffrith turbine is approximately £1.5m. This represents a major long-term
investment decision for West Coast Energy and further highlights our
commitment to invest in Flintshire and the North Wales region.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.4.22
Construction of the wind turbine will require the provision of site facilities,
concrete foundations and access roads together with general civil
engineering resources, site cabling expertise, and the physical provision of
construction plant, machinery and materials, together with site surveying
and other technical service skills. This part of the work amounts to around
20% of the total construction cost. The majority of the required skills,
expertise and materials will be available within the N. Wales area.
Fuel Poverty
National Policies & Targets
1.4.23
Whilst there is some debate on the meaning of Fuel Poverty and how it is
measured, it is generally defined as a household having to spend more
than 10% of income (including housing benefit) on all household fuel use
to maintain a satisfactory heating regime. Where expenditure on all
household fuel exceeds 20% of income, households are defined as being
in severe fuel poverty.
1.4.24
West Coast Energy is committed to assist the UK Government and the
Scottish and Welsh Government to tackle fuel poverty and in May 2013,
the company signed a landmark partnership agreement with National
Energy Action (NEA) and Energy Action Scotland (EAS). NEA and EAS
are national charities which aim to eradicate fuel poverty and campaign for
greater investment in energy efficiency to help people who are poor and
vulnerable.
1.4.25
Following the signing of this agreement money generated from West
Coast Energy’s wind energy developments in the UK will be channelled
into a dedicated fuel poverty fund. This money will then be utilised by the
NEA or EAS to work with Councils and local agencies to target vulnerable
people and households in fuel poverty within the local and wider vicinity of
its proposed developments. In Wales the fuel poverty fund will be handled
by NEA Cymru.
1.4.26
West Coast Energy’s desire to reduce fuel poverty via funding from its
future renewable energy developments is supported by National and local
statutory targets.
1.4.27
Statutory targets for the eradicating fuel poverty in Wales were published
the Welsh Assembly Government’s ‘A Fuel Poverty Commitment for
Wales’9 in 2003. These targets committed the Government, as far as
reasonably practicable, to eradicate fuel poverty;
• Amongst vulnerable households by 2010;
• In social housing by 2012; and
• By 2018 there would be no-one in Wales living in fuel poverty
9
A Fuel Poverty Commitment for Wales, 2003, Welsh Government,
Waleshttp://wales.gov.uk/topics/housingandcommunity/housing/publications/fuelpovertycommittment/?lang=en
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.4.28
In 2010 the Welsh Government published the ‘Fuel Poverty Strategy
2010’10 which updated the 2003 strategy but kept the statutory targets.
The 2010 strategy used the results of the ‘2008 Living in Wales survey’11
to assess the scale of fuel poverty within Wales.
1.4.29
It found that 332,000 or 26% of households in Wales were estimated to
be in fuel poor. It also found that a further 530,000 were spending
between 5 and 10 per cent of their total household income on energy and
thus were considered to be at risk of becoming fuel poor if energy prices
increased or their incomes dropped.
Local Policies & Targets
1.4.30
It is estimated that approximately 12%12 of all households in Flintshire
are in fuel poverty. In relation to the specific local area of the proposal, it is
estimated approximately 12.4-13.4%13 of all households in Llanfynydd
are in fuel poverty.
1.4.31
The latest fuel poverty strategy adopted within Flintshire is contained
within the Flintshire Affordable Warmth Action Plan (2009-2012) which
sets out the vision and priorities of key partners working in the county to
reduce a range of factors that contribute to fuel poverty.
1.4.32
The action plan contains four ‘outcomes’ to achieve;
•
“More people will live in energy efficient homes that can be
affordably and adequately heated;
•
More people will benefit from available opportunities and support to
maximise their income and reduce costs though benefits and
accessing grants, best value tariffs and advice from experienced
and qualified persons;
•
Resilience to future energy price rises will be improved; and
•
Individuals and families at higher risk of fuel poverty or who are most
affected by living in cold, damp homes will receive more targets
support.”
1.4.33
These outcomes have been based on the national fuel poverty strategy
and focuses on the main ways to alleviate fuel poverty within Flintshire in
order for the County Council to meet the targets set by the Welsh
Government.
1.4.34
Through discussions with Flintshire County Council, West Coast Energy
(and its partner, NEA Cymru) consider that there are synergies between
our beliefs to reduce fuel poverty within Flintshire. It is therefore proposed
that West Coast Energy will commit to ring fence a capitalised sum of
£10,000 from the Nant Y Ffrith development for fuel poverty alleviation
initiatives within Flintshire.
10
11
12
13
Fuel Poverty Strategy, 2010, Welsh Government,
http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/energy/fuelpoverty/strategy/?lang=en
Living in Wales, 2008, Welsh Government, http://wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/headlines/housing2009/hdw200904301/?lang=en
North Wales Fuel Poverty Maps, Welsh Government,
http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/energy/fuelpoverty/fuelpovertymaps/northwales/?lang=en
Flintshire Fuel Poverty Map, Welsh Government, 2009, http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/policy/090129fuelmapflintshireen.pdf
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1.4.35
This initial payment could also be match funded, which would increase
the funding to £20,000. This would be payable on the commissioning of
the turbine when NEA Cymru would work with Flintshire Council and local
fuel poverty agencies to utilise this funding to tackle fuel poverty in the
local and wider Flintshire area.
Community Benefits
1.4.36
In addition to the commitment of funds to help alleviate fuel poverty
discussed above, Nant y Ffrith Wind Energy Ltd (NYFWEL) and West
Coast Energy Ltd are committed to the principle that local communities
and charitable organisations should benefit financially from the generation
of local renewable energy.
1.4.37
The Nant y Ffrith Wind Turbine proposal therefore includes a capitalised
sum of £10,000 which would be paid to the local community on the
commissioning of the turbine. This money would be in the control of the
local community and could be spent on a range of initiatives to help
improve the local community.
1.4.38
Furthermore, due to the long and successful partnership between West
Coast Energy Ltd and Clwyd Theatr Cymru, it is proposed that a
capitalised sum of £10,000 is paid to the Theatre. It is hoped that this
money will enable the theatre to introduce new initiatives and ensure
existing initiatives such as FUSE can continue to prosper.
1.4.39
Nant Y Ffrith Wind Energy Ltd will ensure that legal undertakings are
given to guarantee that its investment in fuel poverty alleviation, Theatr
Clwyd and the local community can be secured.
Public Perception & Tourism Impacts
1.4.40
The public perception of wind turbines has been assessed in a large
number of surveys. These have tended to demonstrate that wind turbine
development creates a broad spectrum of responses from the public with
the effects on locally valued landscapes prominent in objections.
1.4.41
Of the numerous opinion studies conducted all over the UK, it has been
consistently shown that the majority of the public are in favour of such
development. Research has shown that the minority who disapprove of
wind farms tend to be relatively forceful in expressing their disapproval,
thus giving a distorted view of public attitude.
1.4.42
A recent study by researchers at Cardiff University researchers into
people’s attitudes towards the UK’s energy system and renewable
energy14 have found that a large majority of the British public support
moves to an efficient, clean, fair, and safe energy system. The study,
conducted over two and a half years, with 2,441 participants, highlighted
the fact that a massive 82% of people say that they are worried about the
country becoming dependent on energy from other countries and 75%
support wind energy.
14
Transforming the UK Energy System: Public Values, Attitudes and Acceptability; Parkhill, K.A., Demski, C., Butler, C., Spence, A. and
Pidgeon, N; July 2013
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1.4.43
Some of the other detailed findings in the report include:
•
74% of participants were very or fairly concerned about climate
change, while 82% were worried about the UK becoming too
dependent upon energy from other countries;
•
79% want to see a reduction in the use of fossil fuels over the next
few decades; 81% express a desire to reduce their energy use; and
support for solar (85%) and wind energy (75%) remains very
strong.
1.5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1.5.1
A summary of the findings of the various environmental impact
assessments undertaken for the proposal are outlined below. Full details
are available within the chapter of ES Volume 1.
Landscape & Visual (Assessment undertaken by Bright & Associates)
1.5.2
This Chapter considers the likely effects upon the landscape character
and visual amenity of the proposed wind turbine together with the potential
cumulative effects. The assessment was undertaken by Bright &
Associates and is referred to as the Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment (LVIA).
1.5.3
The design stage of the turbine height and location took into consideration
the effects of landscape and visual impact. The proposal is to install a
single 500kW wind turbine with a tip height of 77m, with associated
access track, underground cabling, electricity sub-station and link to
electricity network. Life expectancy would be 25 years followed by
decommissioning and site restoration.
1.5.4
The locations of the viewpoints were agreed in consultation with Flintshire
County Council. 16 viewpoints were originally proposed, and this was
increased to 17 subsequent to recommendations from the Flintshire
County Council’s landscape representative.
1.5.5
The nature of effect and visual implications are that the proposed scheme
will not lead to an adverse nature of effect and is a scheme that can be
accommodated in terms of capacity into the landscape and visual baseline
without overriding significant effects.
1.5.6
The methodology for the LVIA follows recognised guidance and considers
the potential effects within a study area of 15km. An extensive desk
review, photographic illustration (montage) and assessment process has
considered effects upon both landscape character and visual amenity.
1.5.7
The Site itself is located outside designated landscapes; with the Clwydian
Range and Dee Valley AONB located to the south-west and north-west.
The Site does not fall within this AONB and the overall predicted effects
upon the character of this landscape are Minor.
1.5.8
LANDMAP is the formally adopted methodology for landscape
assessment in Wales and informs planning related uses and landscape
baseline conditions at both local and landscape scale. It is a Geographical
Information System (GIS) based resource where landscape
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characteristics, qualities and influences on the landscape are recorded
and evaluated into a nationally consistent spatial data set.
1.5.9
The Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), now part of Natural Resources
Wales (NRW) are in the process of publishing information on Landscape
Character Areas (LCAs) at a National scale; this is currently at a draft
stage.
1.5.10
Landscape character areas at a local level are defined by overlaying the
different LANDMAP aspect area information and identifying areas where
the combination of aspects is broadly the same and/or have distinct
characteristics and a sense of identity.
Landscape Effects
1.5.11
The Site and the environs around are situated within the Clwydian Range
(NCA 12) Landscape Character Area as defined in the Landscape
Character Map for Wales (CCW). The Site is situated within a single
character type and this assists a consistent impact evaluation. This
character type is noted as “a distinctive, generally rounded and heatherclad open hills, intervening vales, and contrasting rocky limestone hills on
some fringe areas. Gentle to moderate slopes define the eastern side of
the area towards Deeside, while steeper slopes, outcrops and cliffs
characterise the western and southern sides. Land cover includes
improved hill sheep grazing and lowland pasture, interspersed
sporadically with areas of arable cultivation. A relatively sparse settlement
pattern, confined to compact, nucleated hamlets and isolated farmsteads.
Crossed by a number of arterial ‘A’ roads, the presence of the A55
Expressway across the northern part of the area is the most apparent”
1.5.12
The Site is located within the (FLNTVS006), Visual & Sensory Aspect
Area (Level 3). LANDMAP describes this Aspect Area as: “Ridge- open
upland ridges with a smooth profile and mixture of semi-natural moorland,
rough grassland & large sized improved grassland fields, with the steeper
edges covered in woodland & scrub.”
1.5.13
LANDMAP evaluates this Aspect Area as the following: “Scenic Quality:
Moderate, Integrity: Low; Character: Moderate; Rarity: Moderate; Overall
Evaluation: Moderate (area of local landscape value).”
1.5.14
Landscape Character has been assessed using LANDMAP Visual &
Sensory Aspect Areas for Close-range (2-6km) and National Character
Areas for Medium-range (2-6km) and Long-range (6.15km).The LVIA has
found that the effects on character in Close-range will be Moderate in
effect and this will reduce as distance increases. Beyond the Close-range,
at a Medium-range and Long range the effects would be Minor for
Clwydian Range (NCA12) and Negligible for the remainder National
Character Areas. There is no overriding or substantial effect to the overall
landscape character and the effects will be within a localised area.
Therefore at a Medium and Long range there will be almost no effects on
the character types.
1.5.15
There would be no significant effects upon Parks and Gardens of Historic
Interest, and overall, only a Minor effect upon Designated Landscapes.
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1.5.16
Landscape capacity is the ability of a landscape to accommodate differing
amounts of change given a specific development type. It does not directly
follow that ‘significant’ effects are automatically adverse on either visual
amenity or landscape character. A significant effect is not necessarily
adverse when the development can be accommodated within the
landscape and whilst it remains visible. Of those effects that are identified
as being significant, the nature of effects can be positive, adverse or
neutral and this relates to the overall context of the landscape capacity.
Thus significance of effects is not so overriding as to preclude
development. Positive effects can be associated with wind turbine
developments where the location and siting are appropriate to the
landscape.
1.5.17
In addition, it must be remembered that a wind turbine development and
its effects are also reversible, in that they are only temporary for 25 years.
Visual Effects
1.5.18
Visual effects have been determined with reference to representative
viewpoints, selected through professional judgement, as a result of an
initial desk study review and extensive field and photographic work to
determine the extent of visibility and suitable locations, and with reference
to the ZTV. The locations of the viewpoints were agreed in consultation
with Flintshire County Council.
1.5.19
The conclusions from the viewpoint analysis are that a Moderate to Major
effect has been predicted from Viewpoints 1 and 2 only, while Moderate
effects are noted from Viewpoint 5, all within 2km range and in context
with residential properties.
1.5.20
Outside close-range, within a Medium-range (2-6km) the assessment of
viewpoints has generally predicted a Moderate or Minor-Moderate effect
overall. Outside Medium-range, at 6-15km, assessment of viewpoints has
generally predicted a Minor or Negligible effect.
1.5.21
From each location the degree of impact may alter between roadside
impacts and those from residential properties, and in these cases the most
sensitive receptors (residential) have been noted.
1.5.22
A detailed residential assessment has been undertaken for all properties
within 1km of the turbine. Appendix 4.5a, ES Volume 2, shows these
residential properties in relation to the proposed turbine. In summary, the
visual impact assessment has predicted a Moderate effect from five
properties, numbers: 1, 12, 13, 14 and 15, all of which are located to the
west or south-west of the proposed turbine. However, views from all of
these properties will be restricted by the intervening 1km long woodland
block, which is located to the east of the properties. Other effects, those of
Minor are predicted from five properties, numbers 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8. The
remaining properties have predicted a Negligible or No Effect.
1.5.23
Public perception is important to understanding the value and nature of a
significant effect. For the same development some may view the impact
as adverse, some as positive and yet others remain as neutral. It is also
likely that views may differ at different stages of the process and postconstruction, with some individuals who initially took an adverse view likely
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to change their minds. Of those effects that are identified as being
significant, the nature of effects is judged professionally and relates to the
overall context of the landscape capacity. This assessment concludes the
development can be accommodated within the visual capacity.
1.5.24
The Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) mapping, which is a detailed
analysis technique to define visual context, is based on topography alone
and does not take account of the screening effects of surface features
such as hedgerows, woodlands and buildings, and as such they can
present an over-representation (worst case scenario) of visibility in the
study area.
Sequential Effects
1.5.25
Effects from sequential routes have been considered from 4 routes which
comprise relevant minor roads at a Close-range. The conclusion of the
sequential route assessment is that there will only be uninterrupted views
of the turbine for a very short section on Route A; where the road passes
Cae hic farmstead, the assessment has identified a Moderate effect. All
other routes are well screened either by the elevated landform, woodland
blocks or intermittently by tall hedgerows and mature trees, allowing only
glimpsed views of a very small part of the turbine.
1.5.26
The analysis of the sequential routes also demonstrated that the individual
viewpoints enabled a good understanding of the visual context from other
routes and that sequential visibility as a whole was not a material
consideration for this development.
1.5.27
In terms of Cumulative assessment, analysis of the viewpoints where
other wind turbines are noted has shown that the cumulative effect in each
case is so small that there are no cumulative impacts to assess.
Ecology & Ornithology (Assessment undertaken by Atmos Consulting
Ltd)
1.5.28
Desk and field studies were completed to identify ecology at the Site and
in the surrounding area. Desk studies included consultation with COFNOD
(the local records centre for North Wales), Countryside Council for Wales
(CCW) now Natural Resources Wales (NRW) and the Royal Society for
the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Wales.
1.5.29
Field surveys were completed within a defined survey area, which
included the site, and consisted of an extended Phase I habitat survey and
great crested newt surveys. Due to the scale of the small scale of the
development and its compliance with bat survey guidance adopted by
NRW (Natural England, TIN051 and TIN059), it was agreed with NRW
that no specific bat activity surveys were required. Following an
ornithological walkover of the survey area and interpretation of existing
records, it was similarly agreed with RSPB Wales that specific avian
surveys were not required.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.5.30
A search for statutory and non-statutory nature conservation designations
within a 2km radius of the survey area was undertaken. Information
gathered from CCW and COFNOD confirmed there to be no designated
sites within the survey area or the 2km buffer, with the closest being Coed
Talon Marsh Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2.1km north, and
the Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains Special Area of Conservation
(SAC), 2.1 km to the south west. The search buffer was extended to 5km
for statutory sites specifically designated for their bat or bird populations,
of which there were two – Llandegla Moor SSSI and Ruabon/Llantysillio
Mountains and Minera SSSI.
1.5.31
Data provided by COFNOD highlighted there to be no Local Wildlife Sites
(LWS) within the Survey Area and fourteen within 2km. These nonstatutory sites can on Figure 5.1 of ES Volume 3.
1.5.32
LWS are a second tier nature conservation designation, which denotes
sites considered of County value in Flintshire and, whilst a non-statutory
designation, LWS sites are afforded a degree of protection in the planning
process.
1.5.33
Within the proposed site, two habitat types were recorded – improved and
semi-improved grassland.
1.5.34
The Flintshire Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) lists local conservation
priorities. None were recorded within the site boundary but the LBAP
priority habitats hedgerows, woodlands and ponds and lakes were present
within the survey area, as well as the LBAP species great crested newt.
Potential impacts on these areas and species of the proposed wind
turbine are not considered to be significant.
1.5.35
No ponds were present within the site boundary, but six were identified
within the survey area. Great crested newt surveys were carried out and
confirmed the European protected species to be present within three
ponds, with a medium population size (peak count of 10). Consultation
with CCW agreed there to be no need for a derogation licence subject to
the wind turbine following an ‘unlicensed’ avoidance scheme and
incorporating aquatic habitat restoration and/or creation, details of which
are included in the ES Chapter and Appendix 5.3, ES Volume 2. Overall
impacts on great crested newts were assessed to be not significant.
1.5.36
The COFNOD data search returned existing records of five bat species
within 2km of the survey area, common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus,
whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus Daubenton’s bat M. daubentonii, lesser
horseshoe Rhinolophus hipposideros and brown long-eared Plecotus
auritus, and three genus of bats (Pipistrelle, Myotis and Rhinolophus). Due
to the placement of the wind turbine at least 50m from a habitat feature
and at least 600m from potential roost habitat (Mount Farm and
associated trees and buildings), in accordance with guidance (Natural
England, TIN051), no specific bat surveys were carried out. However the
extended Phase I habitat survey included a bat habitat assessment and
bats are included in the ES Chapter as a matter of good practice and to
ensure legal compliance, with no impacts of significance predicted.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.5.37
As part of the ornithological assessment of the site, the existing species
records provided by COFNOD and RSPB were analysed to identify those
species of conservation interest that are potentially at risk from effects
from a wind turbine – eleven species were recorded within a 2km buffer,
and a further 20 within 5km. Species of interest included red kite Milvus
milvus, hen harrier Circus cyaneus, black grouse Tetrao tetrix, curlew
Numenius arquata, lapwing Vanellus vanellus, golden plover Pluvialis
apricaria and greylag goose Anser anser. The habitats on site would be
unsuitable for most of the species potentially at risk from a wind turbine
recorded locally in contrast to the wider range of habitats in the locality
that are likely to be of greater interest, including internationally and
nationally designated sites. Potential impacts on this bird assemblage as a
result of direct habitat loss and collision, or indirect impacts such as
displacement, were considered to be not significant.
1.5.38
The wind turbine location and access track route has been specifically
designed to avoid or minimise the loss of potentially sensitive habitats and
to prevent or reduce effects on protected species.
1.5.39
No significant impacts were predicted for fauna and habitats identified
within the development area during construction, operation, and
decommissioning. Mitigation and habitat enhancement measures are
recommended to ensure legal compliance and as a matter of good
practice.
Noise (Assessment undertaken by Atmos Consulting Ltd)
1.5.40
Potential noise effects arising from the construction and operation of the
proposed wind turbine have been considered.
1.5.41
Construction noise level criteria have been defined in accordance with
BS5228-1:2009. The noise level limit for daytime periods is based on
65dB LAeq, and the noise level limit for evenings and weekends is 55dB
LAeq.
1.5.42
Predictions of noise from typical construction plant and activities have
been undertaken in accordance with BS5228-1:2009. The construction of
the turbine will not exceed the daytime noise level limit of 65dB LAeq or
the evenings and weekends noise level limit of 55dB LAeq at any receptor
location; therefore, construction noise effects are assessed as negligible.
1.5.43
The calculated operational noise emission levels fall below the noise level
criteria which would trigger a full ETSU assessment. The impact of
operational noise from the turbine is, therefore, considered as negligible
and as a result, there will be no negative noise impacts associated with
the operation of the proposed development.
Safety & Infrastructure
1.5.44
Wind turbine technology in the UK is a safe proven technology. The wind
turbines are designed and manufactured to withstand weather conditions
at least as extreme as those which arise in the United Kingdom in terms of
wind speeds, turbulence and temperature.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
1.5.45
Depending on the specific model, the turbine blades typically begin to
rotate when the wind speed reaches between 3 and 5 metres per second.
When wind speeds exceed around 25-30 metres per second (this will vary
according to turbine manufacturer), safety mechanisms are triggered
ensuring that the blades cease to rotate. This is achieved by feathering of
the blades and applying the mechanical brake. Both of the safety
systems, the blade pitching and mechanical brake, are of failsafe design.
When the wind speed drops below the maximum limit of operation, the
safety systems are re-set automatically and the turbines will start up
again.
1.5.46
Turbine blades have been designed to discourage the build up of ice,
which would cause the rotor of the turbine to go out of balance. In-built
safety detection systems identify the accumulation of ice on the blades
and automatically shut down the operation of the turbine.
1.5.47
Susceptibility to lightning strike are minimised by incorporating protection
measures within the turbines that ensure lightning is conducted into the
earth, avoiding any sensitive equipment components.
Shadow Flicker
1.5.48
A calculation of when shadow flicker could theoretically occur, on a worst
case scenario basis, has been undertaken using Garrad Hassan’s (GH)
WindFarmer computer programme. The results are that no residential
properties will be affect by shadow flicker as a result of the wind turbine.
Aviation
1.5.49
The MOD was consulted at the scoping stage on the impact of the
proposal on their radar and they responded with no objection. This
consultation was based on larger turbines (125m to blade tip), and the
project has now been reduced to 81m to blade tip.
Transportation & Construction
1.5.50
The proposed vehicular entrance into the site is from the B5101 whilst
travelling southbound, where a right turn is taken in the centre of
Llanfynydd onto the unclassified road linking Llanfynydd to the
A5104/Rhyd-y-Ceirw.
1.5.51
Access into the site is then taken onto the site (approximately 2.8km from
the Llanfynydd junction) utilising some of the existing field entrance. The
full access route from the A483 to the site is shown in more detail in
Figure 1.1.
1.5.52
The development will require 12 AIL deliveries. These deliveries will be
undertaken outwith peak traffic periods wherever possible, and it is
envisaged that the traffic impact of these abnormal loads on the local
communities will be low and temporary in nature. Once the turbine
components are deposited, the haulage vehicle will reduce in length for
the return journey.
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1.5.53
The AIL movements will be undertaken as part of the recognised
abnormal load procedure in place with Flintshire County Council Roads
Department and North Wales Police, as such, the delivery of the turbine
components will be well advertised in advance and be undertaken with a
police escort to ensure disruption to the road network is reduced and
managed.
1.5.54
The greatest number of HGV vehicle movements will be required for the
delivery of the concrete for the wind turbine foundations which requires a
maximum of 76 return HGV deliveries spread over a one week period
during the 12- 16 week month construction period.
1.5.55
The impact of these vehicle movements associated with the foundation
construction will be low and temporary in nature given the strategic nature
of the roads.
1.5.56
There will be approximately 15 staff working on site who would be arriving
and departing the site each day of the construction. These will be
concentrated in the AM and PM peak period. The impact of these vehicle
movements will be low and temporary in nature.
1.5.57
Traffic during construction, operation and decommission is concluded to
have a negligible impact on transport route or the local communities as the
number of vehicle movements envisaged will be low and temporary in
nature.
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361000
320000
321000
322000
323000
324000
325000
326000
327000
328000
329000
330000
331000
332000
333000
334000
Nant y Ffrith
Wind Turbine
357000
358000
359000
360000
319000
Legend:
356000
Site Location
349000
350000
351000
352000
353000
354000
355000
Feasibility Routes
Figure 1.1
Site Location Plan &
Transportation Route
Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on
behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database
rights 2013. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey
Licence Number AL100020907 (West Coast Energy)
/
0
Kilometres
1
2
Scale 1:50,000
3
4
5
when reproduced A3 size
Drawn by: CR
Checked by: GS
Approved by: NF
04/12/2012
437/LP/009c
325000
325500
326000
Nant y Ffrith
Wind Turbine
356000
Legend:
!
(
Turbine Location
Application Boundary
Access Tracks
Compound
Crane Hardstandings
Substation
1
355500
!
(
Figure 1.2
Site Layout & Application
Boundary
Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on
behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database
rights 2013. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey
Licence Number AL100020907 (West Coast Energy)
/
0
Kilometres
0.1
0.2
Scale 1:5,000
0.3
0.4
0.5
when reproduced A3 size
Drawn by: AW
Checked by: GS
Approved by: NF
15/07/2013
1398/SL/024c
TL01j