BOTANY 404 OUTLINE OF LECTURES
Fall 2004
I. PLANT CELL, CELL WALL
A. Review of General Anatomy
1. Major organs.
2. These organs are composed of cells that are aggregated into various tissues.
a) Tissue
b) Tissue system
c) Subdivision of the main tissue systems
B. Cells (should be mostly review)
1. Cells in general
a) Why multicellularity?
b) Cells are connected
c) Common features of eukaryotic cells (should be review)
2. Plant cells
a) some definitions
b) Structures characteristic of plant cells
i) plastids
ii) vacuoles
iii) phragmoplast
iv) plasmodesma (pl. –ta)
v) cell wall
C. Cell Wall
1. Function
2. Wall structure
a) Constituents (1º and 2º)
b) Layers
3. Wall formation and growth
a) Cell plate
b) Growth
4. Cell Connections
a) Plasmodesmata
b) Primary pit-fields (= primordial pits, primary pits) (M Fig. 2.20)
c) Pits
II.
A.
B.
C.
SIMPLE TISSUES
Introduction to Tissues (DIAGRAM—allow a full page)
Definitions
Parenchyma
1. General Characteristics
2. Subtypes (not mutually exclusive)
a) Synthetic
i) chlorenchyma
ii) meristematic cells
iii) secretory parenchyma
b) Storage
c) Structural
i) aerenchyma
ii) sclerified
d) Transport
i) transfer
ii) conducting
e) Boundary
i) epidermis
ii) endodermis
D. Collenchyma
1. Characteristics
2. Function
E. Sclerenchyma
1. General Characteristics
2. Function of non-conducting sclerenchyma
3. Sclereids (M, pp. 68-69; E, p. 73)
4. Fibers
a) xylary fibers
b) extraxylary fibers
III. PRIMARY PLANT BODY
A. Primary vs. secondary growth
1. Primary growth
2. Secondary growth
B. Basic ground plan
1. Seedling (DIAGRAM)
2. Root/shoot axis (DIAGRAM)
C. Functions of shoots
D. Functions of roots
E. Introduction to meristems
IV. XYLEM
A. Function
B. Cell types (listed in summary)
1. tracheary elements
a) tracheid
b) vessel element
2. xylem parenchyma
3. xylary fibers (previously discussed under Sclerenchyma)
a) libriform fibers
b) fiber-tracheid
C. Protoxylem/metaxylem
D. Form and function in xylem
1. Wall thickening patterns (restricted to secondary wall) in tracheary elements
2. Bordered pits
3. Cavitation
V. PHLOEM
A. Function
B. Cell Types
1. Sieve Elements (= conducting parenchyma)
a) Sieve cells (DIAGRAM)
b) Sieve tube members (STM) (DIAGRAM)
2. Parenchyma (non-conducting)
a) albuminous cells
b) companion cells
c) intermediary cells
3. Fibers
C. Differentiation/development
1. Protophloem/metaphloem
2. Sieve elements
3. Callose
D. Form and Function
VI. EPIDERMIS, IDIOBLASTS
A. Epidermis
1. Epidermal parenchyma
2. Stomatal apparatus
3. Cuticle
B. Idioblasts
1. Pigmented cells
2. Sclereids
3. Mucilage cells
4. Lithocysts (M p. 34; E p. 84)
5. Crystals (M pp. 32-34; E p. 39)
6. Silica cells (M p. 34; E p. 85)
VII. PRIMARY ROOT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
A. Root System
1. True root system
2. Adventitious root system
B. Primary Root Structure
1. Longitudinal section
a) root cap
b) subapical meristem
c) elongation zone (part of meristematic region)
d) root hairs (part of the epidermis)
2. Transverse section
a) Epidermis
b) Cortex
i) exodermis
ii) mid-cortex
iii) endodermis (DIAGRAM)
c) Vascular cylinder (stele)
i) pericycle
ii) vascular tissue
iii) parenchyma
iv) vascular patterns in dicots and gymnosperms
3. Monocot roots (DIAGRAM)
C. Primary Root Development
1. Subapical meristem (DIAGRAM)
2. Vascular cylinder
3. Lateral (branch) roots
VIII. SECONDARY ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND ROOT SPECIALIZATIONS
A. Secondary Root Growth
1. Vascular cambium (DIAGRAM)
2. Secondary vascular tissue
3. Periderm
4. Anomalous secondary growth
B. Root Specializations
1. Specializations not involving other organisms (four examples)
a) Storage roots
b) Contractile roots
c) Aerial roots
d) Proteoid roots
2. Specializations involving fungi
a) Mycorrhizae (“fungus root”)
i) ectomycorrhizae (ectotrophic)
ii) endomycorrhizae (endotrophic) (M, Fig. 13.21)
b) Saprophytes
3. Specializations involving bacteria
a) Root nodules of legumes (M, Fig. 13.22)
4. Parasitism (presence of haustorial roots—DIAGRAM)
a) Hemiparasites
b) Holoparasites
IX. PRIMARY STEM STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
A. Shoot apex
1. Definitions
2. Evolution of apical meristems
3. Patterns of shoot apex organization (DIAGRAM)
a) Apical mother cell
b) Apical initials
c) Tunica-corpus
4. Plastochron
B. Primary stem structure
1. Basic structure in dicots (DIAGRAM)
2. Concept of the stele
3. Stelar types
a) Protostele
b) Siphonostele in pteridophytes
c) Siphonostele in seed plants
i) eustele
ii) atactostele
4. Bundle types
a) collateral
b) bicollateral
c) amphiphloic (amphicribral
d) amphivasal
e) isolated phloem
C. Primary Stem Development
1. General pattern of primary differentiation
2. Longitudinal differentiation
3. Transverse differentiation
4. Other primary meristems
a) intercalary meristem
b) primary thickening meristem
X. SECONDARY STEM GROWTH AND WOOD ANATOMY
A. Secondary growth in stems
1. Initiation of secondary growth
2. Components of the vascular cambium
a) Fusiform initials
b) Ray initials
3. Secondary phloem
4. Periderm
5. Anomalous secondary growth
B. Wood anatomy
1. Planes of section
a) Transverse (cross)
b) Longitudinal sections
i) radial
ii) tangential
2. Gross features of wood
a) Annual rings
b) Sapwood vs. heartwood
3. Gymnosperm wood
a) Vertical (axial) system
b) Horizontal (radial) system
c) resin ducts
4. Dicot wood
a) Vertical (axial) system (some or all may occur)
b) Horizontal (radial) system
c) Distribution of vessels
d) Distribution of axial parenchyma
i) apotracheal
ii) paratracheal
e) Blockage of vessels
i) tyloses (sing.: tylosis)
ii) gummosis
XI. LEAVES
A. Leaf Morphology
1. Definitions
2. Functions/modifications
3. Basic gross leaf structure
a) lamina (or blade)
b) petiole
4. Epidermis (previously discussed)
a) cuticle
b) epidermis
c) trichomes
5. Venation
a) Petiole
b) Midrib
c) Lamina
i) dichotomous
ii) single midvein
iii) parallelodromous
iv) reticulate
B. Angiosperm Leaves
1. Basic anatomy (DIAGRAM)
a) Adaxial epidermis
b) Palisade mesophyll
c) Vascular tissue
d) Spongy mesophyll
e) Abaxial epidermis
2. Comparison of dicot and monocot leaves
a) Dicot leaves
b) Monocot leaves
3. Specializations
a) aquatic plants (hydrophytes)
b) xerophytic plants
c) sun/shade leaves
4. Grass leaves
1) C3 anatomy
2) C4 anatomy
C. Gymnosperm Leaves
A. Variation
B. Unique features
C. Needles
D. Leaf Development
1. Initiation and growth
2. Differentiation
a) epidermis
b) mesophyll
c) vascular tissue (venation)
3. Abscission
XII. TRICHOMES AND SECRETORY STRUCTURES
A. Trichomes
B. Secretory structures
1. Structures involved in external secretion
a) glandular or secretory trichomes
b) colleters
c) glands
d) hydathodes
e) nectaries
2. Structures involved in internal secretion
a) accumulation spaces
b) idioblasts (single cells involved in secretion/accumulation)
c) cavities and canals/ducts
d) laticifers (really a subset of c.)
XIII. REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
A. Floral Structure
1. Definition of a flower (DIAGRAM)
2. Parts
3. Variations
B. Stamens
1. Structure
2. Microsporogenesis (DIAGRAM)
3. Pollen (DIAGRAM)
C. Gynoecium
1. Carpels and ovules
2. Megasporogenesis (DIAGRAM)
3. Pollination
4. Fertilization
D. Fruit/Seed formation and structure
1. Embryo
a) in dicots
b) in monocots
c) in grasses
2. Endosperm
3. Development of the seed
4. Development of the fruit