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Sociology Final Exam Review
2013
Chapter 1: The Sociological Point of View
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Latent function
Industrial Revolution
Sociological Perspective
Social Phenomenon
Group
Symbol
Charles Darwin
Social Darwinism
Karl Marx
Conflict, functionalist, & interactionist sociologist
Social science
Verstehen
Auguste Comte
Theory
Anthropology
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What is the main focus of sociology?
What does it mean to have a sociological imagination?
Identify the major early sociologists.
What are the 3 main theoretical perspectives in sociology (be able to
identify and describe each in detail), and which of the founders of
sociology is connected to which perspective?
What social and political factors led to the emergence of sociology as a
separate discipline?
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Chapter 2: Cultural Diversity
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Culture
Society
Ethnocentrism
Symbol
Margaret Mead
Cultural universals
Symbolic interaction
Law
Subculture
George Murdock
Counterculture
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Mores vs. folkways
Cultural relativism
Value
Nonmaterial vs. Material culture
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What are the differences between material culture and nonmaterial
culture?
Identify and describe the 5 components of culture.
What is the difference between folkways and mores?
Differentiate between cultural trait, cultural complex, and cultural
pattern.
Define and list examples of cultural universals.
What were the findings of Mead’s studies on the Arapesh and
Mundugumor?
How does ethnocentrism differ from cultural relativism?
Describe and correctly identify subcultures and countercultures.
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Chapter 3: Cultural Conformity and Adaptation
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Conformity to norms
Self-control
Cultural lag
Internalization
Negative vs. Positive sanctions
Vested interests
Resistance to change
Formal vs. informal sanctions
“The Culture of Narcissism”
Diffusion
Ideologies
Narcissism
“Buy America” campaign
Personal achievement
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Explain how the physical environment and population changes can bring
about social change.
Identify and describe seven traditional American values.
How does the concept of diffusion impact cultural change?
Explain the process of internalization of norms, providing at least two
examples.
Why are Hollywood’s movies one of the greatest forces for cultural
diffusion in the world today?
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In what way is the traditional school year an example of cultural lag?
Identify the two methods through which society enforces norms.
Explain the difference between positive sanctions and negative sanctions,
as well as formal sanctions and informal sanctions.
What role do government policies play in enforcing cultural values and
social norms?
For what reasons do people resist change?
Chapter 4:
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Harry Harlow’s monkey research
Self-concept
Hidden curriculum
Total institution
Anticipatory socialization
Game stage vs. Play stage
Looking-glass self
Significant others
“I” vs. “Me”
Imitation stage
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What are the purposes and functions of groups?
What is the “iron law of oligarchy”?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of bureaucracies?
What are Max Weber’s 5 major characteristics of a bureaucracy?
What are the major divisions of societies?
What are the 5 most common forms of social interaction?
Differentiate between status and role, achieved status and ascribed
status, role expectation and role performance, role conflict and role
strain, dyan and triad, formal group and informal group, primary group
and secondary group, in-groups and out-groups, instrumental leaders and
expressive leaders.
Describe the exchange theory.
Be able to identify differences in exchange, competition, conflict,
cooperation, and accommodation.
Identify examples as preindustrial, industrial, or postindustrial.
o Also hunting/gathering, pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural
societies
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Chapter 5:
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Ascribed vs. achieved status
Industrial vs. postindustrial society
Social interaction
Social structure
Master status
Role conflict
Organic solidarity
Obligations
Blue-collar job
Role performance
Rights
Conflict theory
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Describe the positive AND negative effects of TV on socialization.
What is more important to a sociologist and why: Nature or Nurture?
What are the 2 components of the self, according to Mead?
What are the 4 factors that affect the development of personality?
How can fairy tales/urban legends serve as agents of socialization?
Chapter 6:
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Group
Authority
Primary vs. Secondary relationships
Social exchange
Informal groups
Social category
Social aggregate
Groupthink
Conformity
Conflict
Coercion
Cooperation
Why are the beginning and end dates of adolescence somewhat blurred?
(Pg. 122)
Describe pressures on adolescents.
Identify negative consequences that are more likely for teenage than for
adults pregnancies.
List 7 social factors that appear to affect the rates of teenage suicide.
Discuss historical factors that led to the development of casual dating.
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Chapter 7:
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Social control
Victim discounting
White-collar crime
Positive social sanction
Crime
Stigma
Control vs. Strain theory
Labeling theory
Deviance
Retreatism
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Identify by description the 3 stages for women and 5 stages for men of
early and middle adulthood.
Be able to identify the changes in the nature of work and reasons for
this change.
Differentiate between young-old, middle-old, and old-old.
Identify effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
Identify what the main concerns are for people in each stage of late
adulthood.
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Chapter 8:
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Deviance
Stigma
5 social functions of deviance
Strain theory
Anomie
Control theory
Cultural transmission theory
Differential association
Labeling theory
Techniques of neutralization
Primary vs secondary deviance
Degradation ceremony
5 types of crime
Crime syndicate
Police discretion
Racial profiling
Corrections
Recidivism
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Explain the 3 main perspectives of deviance as well as theories.
Describe the 5 main positive functions of deviance.
Describe the 5 main types of crime.
Describe the 4 main important components of the criminal-justice
system.
Explain what is meant by “the label of deviant is a self-fulfilling
prophecy.”
Describe police discretion.
Describe recidivism.
What purposes does the corrections system fulfill?
Explain the cultural transmission theory.
Chapter 10:
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Minority
Cultural pluralism
Stereotype
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Racism
Hate crime
Ethnic minority
Assimilation
Genocide
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How is ethnicity different from race?
How does discrimination become institutionalized?
Why might people engage in scapegoating?
Identify 3 characteristics of prejudiced people having an authoritarian
personality.
Identify AND explain the 7 groups of patterns of minority group
treatment.
Identify AND explain the 5 major minority groups in the United States.
Describe the 3 sources of discrimination and prejudice.
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Chapter 11:
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Gender roles
Gender identity
Patriarchy
Sexism
Suffrage
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Wage gap
Glass ceiling
Second shift
Ageism
Graying of America
Medicare
Medicaid
ADA
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Gender equalities still exist even though women have made notable gains
recently. Explain how this is possible in the following areas: education,
work, and politics.
Explain the two reasons for the “Graying of America”.
Explain the main concerns of the elderly.
What conditions does the term disability cover?
What is the purpose of the ADA?
Explain the three main concerns of health care in American society.
Explain the three main health–care issues that are at the center of
political debates. (Pg.; 285-287)
What evidence do sociologists have that gender roles are socially created
rather than biologically based?
Explain how social status is related to health in the United States.
Explain the self-fulfilling prophecy of sexism.
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Chapter 12:
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Family
Matrilineal vs. Patrilineal
Patriarchy
Dual employment
Endogamy vs. Exogamy
Patrilocal vs. Matrilocal pattern
Neolocal pattern
Bilateral pattern
Extended family
Nuclear family
Homogamy vs. Endogamy vs. Heterogamy
Family of procreation
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What are the sociological functions of the family?
What are the major disruptions to the family?
What 6 trends in the American family are being noticed by sociologists?
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Chapter 13:
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Factors of production
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Capitalism
Socialism
Laws of supply and demand
Laissez-faire
Free-enterprise
Communism
Totalitarianism
Corporations
Oligopoly
Power
Authority
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What are the types of authority and types of government?
Describe the American political system?
How has e-commerce changed the American economy?
Chapter 14:
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Education vs. schooling
Hidden curriculum
Tracking
Education reform
Charter schools
School choice
Homeschooling
Bilingual education
Zero tolerance
Sacred vs. profane
Functions of religion
Rituals
Symbols
Animism
Theism, monotheism vs. polytheism
Ethicalism
Ecclesia
Denomination
Sect
Cult
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How do the functionalists and conflict sociologists view the school as an
agent of social control?
Conflict sociologists believe that the opportunities for educational
success and social mobility are distributed unequally. What is the basis
for their view?
What is the “hidden curriculum” and what purpose does it serve?
What do supporters AND opponents say about bilingual education?
Chapter 16:
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Demography
Birthrate
Fecundity vs. Fertility
Death rate
Life expectancy
Migration rate, in vs. out migration
Growth rate
Doubling time
Malthusian theory
Demographic transition theory
Urbanization
Overurbanization
Urban ecology
Urban sprawl
Urban anomie theory
Compositional theory
Subcultural theory
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How are birth rates, death rates, migration rates, and growth rates calculated?
What is used to study population composition such as age and gender?
What three ideas did Malthus have to prevent worldwide starvation?
Describe the models of urban ecology.
What social problems has urbanization helped to create?
Chapter 17:
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Collective behavior
Collectivity
Crowd
Mob
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Riot
Panic
Mass hysteria
Fashion
Fad
Urban legend
Propaganda
Contagion theory
Emergent norm theory
Value added theory
Reactionary moevements
Conservative movements
Revisionary movements
Revolutionary movements
Relative deprivation theory
Resource mobilization theory
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Explain how social movements are different from other types of collective
behaviors, and give an example of a social movement.
Discuss the 4 stages in the life cycle of social movements.
Describe the 3 factors that distinguish collectivities from other social groups.
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