Biology 160
Objectives Lecture Assessment 2
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
1. Define: reversible, equilibrium, exergonic, endergonic, activation energy, catalyst, & enzyme.
2. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions in terms of energy movement, anabolism, &
catabolism.
3. Give a simple definition of potential and kinetic energy. Be able to give examples of each.
4. Explain how the flow of energy in a living system obeys the laws of thermodynamics
5. Identify whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic
6. Explain how transfer of phosphate groups changes the potential energy of products and reactants
7. Explain the effect that enzymes have on energy of activation and rates of reactions
8. Be able to list the major characteristics of a biological enzyme: substrate specificity, lowering of activation
energy, saturation, saturation limit and effects of rate of reactions.
9. Define active site
10. Explain the relationship between shape and specificity of an enzyme
11. Define vitamins as coenzymes (cofactors) for enzymes, and tell what a cofactor does
12. Name the organelle found in cells that are able to photosynthesize.
13. Describe the structure of the chloroplast and list pigments it contain3.
15. Be able to describe where in the chloroplast the steps of photosynthesis occur. Name the two stages and
differentiate between them.
16. Identify the main photosynthetic pigment for photosynthesis and the accessory pigments; know what each
do.
17. Understand that all chlorophyll absorbs light but only chlorophyll A can actually go through the
photosynthetic process.
18. Explain, in general terms how the products of the light dependent reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle for
the production of glucose.
19. Be able to define photosynthesis as the process in which the Sun's energy is converted into a more usable
form of energy.
20. Analyze the role of stomata in gas exchange.
21. Give the general equation, including reactants and products, for photosynthesis.
22. Predict that glucose made by plants can be used for respiration, converted into cellulose or converted into
starch or other nutrients.
23. Know adaptations made by plants to various light conditions.
24. Identify that production of ATP and NADPH occurs in the light-dependent reactions, and that production of
sugar occurs in the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
25. Know how the two photosystems of photosynthesis function together.
26. Explain how ATP is generated by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, and NADPH is generated
by photosystem I.
27. Know the definition of autotroph, heterotroph and be able to identify each.
28. Explain why ATP is important in cellular energy metabolism
29. Summarize the steps in cellular respiration
30. Explain how energy is stored in ATP versus NADH
31. Give an example of how electron transport chains recover potential energy stored in electrons
32. Identify the parts of the cell in which glycolysis, Krebs'cycle, and respiration occur
33. Identify the products of glycolysis. Explain anaerobic and aerobic respiration and know which is used and
when in the body.
34. Identify how many molecules of ATP are invested, and how many molecules of NADH and ATP are
recovered from glycolysis.
35. Tell how many molecules of NADH, FADH, and ATP can theoretically be recovered in Krebs' cycle from
one molecule of glucose entering glycolysis.
36. Identify NADH and FADH as electron donors for the electron transport chain.
37. Identify how many ATPs can be made by the electron transport chain and how many total can be made from
complete oxidation of one glucose molecule.
38. Tell how the chemiosmotic theory explains the production of ATP. Give the importance of ATP synthase.
39. Explain the difference between respiration and fermentation. Know the products of fermentation.
40. Explain where the O2 produced during photosynthesis comes from
41. Describe the overall balanced equation for complete oxidation of glucose for cellular respiration.
42. Explain how the mitochondrial structure is important for cellular respiration.
43. Explain oxidation and reduction; which gives and which receives electrons and which gains and which loses
energy.
44. Explain a redox equation. Know why there are important in cellular respiration.