CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW SHEET
In cellular respiration, we focused on the equation and what happens to the molecules.
Since we can’t keep track of the molecules, we’re going to focus on the structures of the leaf/chloroplast and the role they play.
A. Energy
Reactants  products
Bonds are potential energy: more bonds, more potential energy
Exergonic:
•
Releases energy
•
Breaking bonds
•
Higher potential energy to lower potential energy (“downhill”)
•
Breaks a larger molecule to smaller molecules
•
What does the graph look like?
Endergonic:
•
Absorbs energy
•
Builds bonds
•
Lower potential energy to higher potential energy (“uphill”)
•
Builds smaller molecules into a larger molecule
•
What does the graph look like?
Activation energy
- The activation energy is provided by: o ATP o Enzymes
ATP and energy
- ATP synthesis: ADP + P  ATP
- ATP hydrolysis: ATP + H
2
O  ADP + P
- Where is ATP used in the cell?
B. Cellular respiration
I. Main ideas:
• Cellular respiration is the transfer of energy from the bonds of glucose to the bonds of ATP
•
Aerobic respiration produces a lot of ATP per glucose molecule (~36)
•
Aerobic respiration summary equation: 6O
2
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
II. Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration (see if you can draw this diagram for yourself):

1. Glycolysis
•
Input: glucose, 2 ATP
•
Output: 2 pyruvate (2 pyruvic acid), 4 ATP, NADH (electron carriers)
•
Net 2 ATP
• Takes place in cytoplasm
1.5. Grooming Step
•
Input: 2 pyruvate
•
Output: 2 acetyl coA, 2 CO
2
, NADH
• Takes place in mitchondrion
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
•
Input: 2 acetyl coA (sometimes acetic acid)
•
Output: 4 CO
2
, NADH, FADH
2
, 2 ATP
•
Takes place in mitchondrion
3. Electron Transport Chain
•
Input: NADH, FADH
2
, Oxygen
•
Output: H
2
O, lots of ATP (~32)
•
Takes place in mitochondrion (specifically the folded membrane)
III. Anaerobic respiration:
IV. Main ideas:
• What happens when there is no O
2
as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
• Less ATP produced than aerobic respiration
•
Composed of two steps: glycolysis and “last step” (grooming step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain do not occur)
•
What products do humans eat/produce from both of these processes?
•
What were the main ideas from the lab?
V. Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
1. Alcoholic fermentation
C
6
H
12
O
6
 alcohol + CO
2
Produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule
2. Lactic acid fermentation
C
6
H
12
O
6
 lactic acid
Produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule
C. Photosynthesis

I. Parts of the leaf:
•
Epidermal cell
•
Wax cuticle
•
Palisade cells
•
Spongy mesophyll
•
Guard cells
•
Stomata
• Veins (xylem and phloem)
II. Parts of the chloroplast:
•
Thylakoids
•
Granum (plural grana)
•
Stroma
III. Main ideas:
•
Converts light energy into chemical energy o by building CO
2
into the molecule G3P, which can be used to make other biologically important molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, nucleic acids
•
Overall endergonic reaction
•
The Light Reaction creates ATP and NADPH in order to drive the Dark Reaction because it is the Dark Reaction that produced the biologically important molecules
• What was the purpose of the light lab that we did?
• Summary equation: H
2
O + CO
2
 C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
IV. Steps of Photosynthesis
1. Light Reaction
•
Input: light, H
2
O
•
Output: O
2
, ATP, NADPH (electron carrier)
•
Takes place in the thylakoids (or granum/grana)
2. Dark Reaction (Calvin cycle)
•
Input: CO
2
, ATP, NADPH
•
Output: G3P (which becomes other molecules)
•
Takes place in the stroma
D. Connections between cellular respiration and photosynthesis: o Similarities
 Folded internal membrane
 Both have an electron transport chain
 Both produce ATP
 Both use electron carriers o Differences
 Photosynthesis: endergonic overall, cell respiration: exergonic overall
 Photosynthesis needs light

 Cell respiration place in the mitochondrion vs. photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast
 Photosynthesis builds molecules while cellular respiration breaks down molecules
 Produces sugar instead of breaking it down
 High to low vs. low to high
 Cell respiration occurs in all organisms, photosynthesis occurs only in plants
Vocabulary words:
•
Aerobic
•
Anaerobic
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation
•
ATP
•
ADP
•
Glycolysis
•
Grooming step
•
Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
•
Electron transport chain
•
Glucose
•
Pyruvate
• Acetyl coA
• Carbon dioxide
• Electron carrier (“buses”)
• NAD + and NADH
2
• ATP synthase
•
Electron acceptor (O
2
)
•
Electron donor (H
2
O)
•
G3P
•
Thylakoids
•
Granum
•
Stoma
•
Epidermal cell
• Wax cuticle
• Palisade cells
• Spongy mesophyll
•
Guard cells
•
Stomata
•
Veins (xylem and phloem)
•
Dark reactions
•
Light reactions