Eukaryotes
Class Work
1. What does the word eukaryote mean?
2. What is the one major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
3. List the different kingdoms of the eukaryote domain in the order in which
they evolved.
4. Provide an example for each kingdom of eukaryote.
5. Describe why a smaller cell is more efficient than a larger cell.
Homework
6. List the 4 structures that all cells have.
7. Aside from the presence of a nucleus, identify two other differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
8. What allowed eukaryotes to evolve as larger cells, but still maintain the
efficiency of smaller cells?
9. Identify the procedure that allows a scientist to separate out the organelles
from a eukaryotic cell.
Class Work
10. What type of cell contains a nucleus?
11. What important information is contained in the nucleus?
12. Compare where the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is located vs. where the DNA of
a eukaryotic cell is located.
13. Describe the structure of a ribosome.
14. Describe the function of a ribosome.
15. List the organelles that make up the endomembrane system.
16. Describe the location of the endoplasmic reticulum?
17. Describe the function of the smooth E.R.
18. What is a transport vesicle made of?
19. Describe the role of glycoproteins.
Homework
20. How is the nucleus able to control the other activities of the cell?
21. What is a nickname for the nucleus?
22. Describe the relationship between the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and
nucleolus.
23. Compare the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genetic material.
24. List and describe the three main functions of the nucleus.
25. How are ribosomes made?
26. What is an appropriate nickname for ribosomes?
27. Describe the structural difference between the smooth and rough E.R.
28. What processes occur within the rough E.R.?
29. Describe the function of a transport vesicle.
30. Where is insulin made?
Class Work
31. Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus?
32. How do proteins travel from the E.R. to the Golgi apparatus?
33. After proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus and packaged in transport
vesicles, what happens to these proteins?
34. Describe the structure of a lysosome.
35. What happens when damaged organelles enclosed within membranous
vesicles fuse with lysosomes?
36. What type of organelle is a peroxisome?
Homework
37. What is an appropriate nickname for the Golgi apparatus?
38. Although some proteins remain in the cell, sequence the path of newly made
proteins from the ribosomes to the outside of the cell.
39. Describe the function of a lysosome.
40. What is an appropriate nickname for lysosomes?
41. Describe what occurs when a lysosome binds with a food vacuole.
42. Why are peroxisomes necessary for cells to have?
43. Why might packets of proteins collected by the Golgi apparatus merge with
lysosomes?
44. What is the importance of a cell enclosing its digestive enzymes inside
lysosomes?
Class Work
45. True of False: Vacuoles come in one size and are surrounded by a membrane.
46. List the three types of vacuoles.
47. In what type of cell would a central vacuole be found and what does it store?
48. In what type of organisms would contractile vacuoles be found?
49. Describe the function of a contractile vacuole.
50. In what type of organism would a food vacuole typically be found?
51. What is the role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cell?
52. What important cellular process occurs in mitochondria?
53. What important cellular process occurs in chloroplasts?
54. Describe the difference in location of the inter-membrane space of
eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
55. Who is the “Mitochondrial Eve”?
Homework
56. Describe how a central vacuole is related to the osmotic pressure and shape
of a plant cell.
57. In addition to water storage, what other molecules do central vacuoles store?
58. Food vacuoles are formed through phagocytosis and then fuse to which
organelle?
59. Compare the number of vacuoles in plant and animal cells.
60. In what type of cells can mitochondria be found?
61. In what type of cells can chloroplasts be found?
62. What is a nickname for mitochondria?
63. Explain the characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts that separate
them from the organelles in the endomembrane system.
64. Describe two common characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
65. Predict whether you would expect muscle cells or fat cells to contain more
mitochondria and explain why.
66. Explain why mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from your mother.
Class Work
67. Where is the cytoskeleton found and what is its function?
68. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
69. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane.
70. Identify three forms of passive transport across the plasma membrane.
71. What is the direction of movement of materials during exocytosis?
72. From what does the vesicle for endocytosis form?
73. What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
74. Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Homework
75. List the three fibers that make up cytoskeleton.
76. Describe the location of the plasma membrane.
77. Identify three forms of active transport of large molecules across the plasma
membrane.
78. How does active transport differ from passive transport?
79. What happens to the vesicle after exocytosis?
80. What is the direction of movement of materials during endocytosis?
81. Describe how secretory proteins exit the cell.
82. What type of molecules would be likely to cross the plasma membrane by
exocytosis?
83. What is the nickname for phagocytosis?
84. What is the nickname for pinocytosis?
Class Work
85. What types of cells contain cell walls?
86. From what polysaccharide are the cell walls of fungi formed?
87. The plant cell wall is comparable to what structure in an animal cell?
88. Describe the function of cell surfaces.
89. What type of junction can be found in plants?
90. The direct cytoplasmic connection in animal cells is known as what type of
junction?
91. List three organelles found only in plant cells.
92. Explain the endosymbiotic theory.
93. Describe what is unique about the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts
even though they are found in eukaryotic cells.
Homework
94. Describe the location and function of a cell wall.
95. From what polysaccharide are the cell walls of a plant formed?
96. List some of the functions of the extracellular matrix.
97. What molecules is the extracellular matrix composed of?
98. What can be shared through plasmodesmata?
99. Identify and describe the three types of junctions found in animal cells.
100. What two organelles are used to support the endosymbiotic theory?
101. Provide evidence for the theory of endosymbiosis.
Free Response
1. A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of
membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.
a. Describe the structure and function of two eukaryotic organelles
other than the nucleus.
b. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane bound
organelles in common. Describe the function of DNA and discuss how
it differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
c. Explain the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cells and discuss and
example of evidence supporting this theory.
2. Membranes are essential components of all cells.
a. Identify three macromolecules that are components of a eukaryotic
cell membrane and discuss the structure and function of each.
b. Explain how membranes participate in the chemiosmotic production
of ATP.
c. Explain how membranes participate in intracellular signaling.
3. A scientist is given a cell sample and asked to identify what type of cell they
are looking at.
a. Provide a brief explanation of how the scientist can begin to decide
what type of cell they are looking at.
b. Describe how the scientist can differentiate between a eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cell.
c. Describe how the scientist can distinguish between a plant and an
animal cell.
4. The nucleus is a distinguishing feature of the eukaryotic cell.
a. Draw the nucleus and label the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores,
nucleolus, and DNA.
b. Describe the relationship between each of the parts you labeled on the
nucleus.
c. Describe the steps in the production of protein and the organelles
involved in the production and excretion of the protein from the cell.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
True Nucleus
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Algae, moss, mushroom,
human
5. Has a larger surface area to
volume ratio, which allows for
needed materials to travel
within the cell faster and
allows waste to be removed
faster.
6. Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, chromosomes
7. Membrane bound organelles
and eukaryotic cells are larger
than prokaryotic cells
8. Compartmentalization or
development of organelles
9. Cell fractionation
10. Eukaryotic cell
11. Genetic information
12. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is
found in the nucleoid and the
DNA of a eukaryotic cell is
found in the nucleus.
13. Ribosomes are made of RNA
and protein and have two
subunits: a large subunit and a
small subunit
14. Ribosomes are the site where
translation occurs and proteins
are synthesized
15. Nucleus, rough and smooth ER,
Golgi body, lysosomes, nuclear
envelope, and plasma
membrane
16. The ER is located just outside
the nucleus and is connected to
the nuclear envelope
17. The smooth ER serves as the
site for lipid synthesis, absorbs
drugs and poisons, and stores
calcium ions
18. Made of membranes from the
ER
19. Glycoproteins are short sugar
chains that help to designate
the location for where proteins
will go
20. Directs protein synthesis
through the DNA
21. Control Center
22. The nucleolus is the dense
region in the center of the
nucleus where rRNA is made
and ribosomes are assembled.
The nucleolus is surrounded by
the nuclear envelope, which
contains nuclear pores that
allow the ribosomes and RNA
to exit the nucleus and enter
the ER.
23. Prokaryotic genetic material
such as that of bacteria is found
in a single circular
chromosome. Eukaryotic
genetic material is found in the
form of chromatin which is a
lot of densely packed DNA
wrapped around proteins.
24. To assemble ribosomes, serve
as the site for transcription,
and to protect the DNA and
pass it on through cell division.
25. DNA holds the code for the
creation of rRNA and
ribosomal proteins which are
created through the processes
of transcription and translation
26. Protein Factories
27. The smooth ER does not have
ribosomes attached to it and
the rough ER does.
28. The protein making ribosomes
can be found in the rough ER.
The rough ER then processes
and folds these proteins and
sometimes attaches
glycoproteins before enclosing
the proteins in transport
vesicles.
29. Transport vesicles are used to
carry proteins from one
location to another.
30. In the rough ER
31. The Golgi apparatus modifies
the proteins to mark them for
where they will be going and
packages them into new
transport vesicles.
32. In transport vesicles
33. They travel to other organelles
such as the plasma membrane,
lysosomes, or are excreted
from the cell.
34. Lysosomes are hydrolytic
enzymes enclosed in a
membrane.
35. The hydrolytic enzymes inside
the lysosome break down the
damaged organelles and the
components are then released
back into the cell where they
can be reused.
36. Peroxisomes are a specific kind
of lysosome that break down
hydrogen peroxide.
37. Post Office or Packaging Center
38. Newly made proteins leave the
ribosomes, go to rough ER,
then are transported via
transport vesicles to the Golgi,
they are then transported
again through transport
vesicles to the plasma
membrane and released to the
outside of the cell.
39. Lysosomes serve to digest food
and other molecules.
40. Digestive center or stomach
41. The hydrolytic enzymes of the
lysosome digest the food and
release nutrients into the cell.
42. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to
cells and formed as a by-
product of metabolism
therefore it cannot be avoided
nor can it be allowed to
accumulate.
43. The packets of proteins could
be the digestive enzymes.
44. The digestive enzymes are then
stopped from breaking down
other parts of the cell and
causing damage to the cell.
45. False, vacuoles come in many
different sizes and are
surrounded by a membrane.
46. Central, contractile, food
47. Plant; water
48. Single celled organisms
49. Act as a pump to expel excess
water
50. Protists
51. Mitochondria produce energy
for the cell in the form of ATP
and chloroplasts store energy
for the cell in the form of
glucose.
52. Cell Respiration
53. Photosynthesis
54. The inter-membrane space in
eukaryotes is between the
inner and outer membrane of
the mitochondria. The inter
membrane space in
prokaryotes is between the cell
membrane and cell wall.
55. The first human female
56. The central vacuole is the place
in plant cells where water is
stored. As water in the cell
increases, the central vacuole
expands and increases turgor
pressure and results in a firmer
cell. When the water in the
cell decreases the central
vacuole shrinks and the cell
loses turgor pressure resulting
in shrinking or shriveling of the
cell.
57. Essential chemicals, pigments,
waste
58. Lysosomes
59. More vacuoles are found in the
animal cell.
60. Eukaryotic Cells (both plant
and animal)
61. Plant Cells
62. Powerhouse
63. They each have a double
membrane.
64. They each have their own DNA
and a double membrane
65. Muscle cells since they perform
more work
66. When a sperm cell and an egg
cell merge, the sperm only
contributes DNA therefore all
of the organelles come from the
egg cell.
67. The cytoskeleton branches
throughout the cytoplasm. Its
function is to provide
mechanical support and
movement for the cell.
68. Phospholipid bilayer with
proteins embedded throughout
69. They provide protection and
support for the cell. They also
are selectively permeable so
they allow materials to enter
and leave the cell.
70. Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion
71. From inside the cell to outside
the cell.
72. From the plasma membrane
73. Phagocytosis is for large solid
molecules and pinocytosis is
for liquid molecules
74. Receptor-mediated
endocytosis is when particles
are taken into the cell within a
protein-coated vesicle.
75. Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, microtubules
76. Around the outside of the cell,
enclosing the cytoplasm and
other organelles.
77. Exocytosis, endocytosis,
phagocytosis
78. Active transport is the
movement of molecules against
their concentration gradient
with the use of energy.
79. It is incorporated into the
plasma membrane
80. From outside the cell to the
inside
81. They are carried to the plasma
membrane through transport
vesicles or more specifically
secretory vesicles and then
released to the outside of the
cell through exocytosis.
82. Proteins and wastes that are
too large to diffuse across the
membrane
83. Cell eating
84. Cell drinking
85. Plant Cells and Fungi
86. Chitin
87. Extracellular matrix
88. Protection, support, joining of
cells
89. Plasmodesmata
90. Gap Junction
91. Cell Wall, Central Vacuole,
Chloroplast
92. This theory says that
chloroplasts and mitochondria
were previously independent
prokaryotic cells that were
engulfed by another
prokaryotic cell and then
evolved into eukaryotic cells.
93. Their DNA is more similar to
that of a bacterial cell than a
eukaryotic cell
94. The cell wall is located outside
the cell membrane in plant and
fungus cells. It provides
protection and support for the
cell.
95. Cellulose
96. Support, anchorage, and
communication between cells
97. Proteins and carbohydrates
98. Water, food, and chemical
messages
99. Tight junctions- bind cells
together into leak proof sheets.
Adhering junctions- somewhat
leakproof. Gap junctions- allow
substances to flow freely
between cells.
100. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
101. Chloroplasts and
mitochondria cannot form
spontaneously but only from
pre-existing chloroplasts and
mitochondria. The DNA of
chloroplasts and mitochondria
are both a single circular loop
and resemble that of bacteria.
The protein-making machinery
of mitochondria and
chloroplasts are most like that
of bacteria and not eukaryotes.
Free Response Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. Any two organelles from the notebook, other than the nucleus, along
with their structure and function would be appropriate.
b. The function of DNA in both is the same: to store, protect, and
transmit genetic information and to code for proteins. Prokaryotic
DNA is a single, circular chromosome found in the cells cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic DNA is a large, linear molecule that is densely packed and
found within the nucleus.
c. Chloroplasts and/or mitochondria were independent prokaryotic
cells that were engulfed by another prokaryotic cell and formed a
symbiotic relationship allowing for the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Evidence includes that mitochondria and chloroplast have their own
DNA, own ribosomes, and double membranes. They also are similar
in size to prokaryotic cells.
a. Phospholipids- glycerol with two fatty acid chains, hydrophobic tails
and hydrophilic head. Act as a barrier between the cell and the
environment; selectively permeable. Proteins- made of amino acidshave primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Can be
found as integral or transmembrane proteins. Allow for transport of
materials, attachment, recognition, and formation of cell junctions.
Glycoproteins- made of carbohydrate chains, function in cell
recognition and attachment.
b. During the electron transport chain in cell respiration and
photosynthesis, protons are pumped across the membrane of
mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotic cell membranes creating
a gradient. The protons then move down their gradient through ATP
synthase, which allows for the chemiosmotic processing of ATP.
c. Formation of plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in
animal cells allow these cells to share water, food, and chemical
messages.
a. By preparing a slide and examining it under the microscope.
b. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles, a prokaryotic cell does not.
c. A plant cell will have a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts. An
animal cell has none of these things.
a. See notebook for correct drawing/labeling.
b. The nucleolus is the densely packed region of the nucleus that
contains the DNA and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. The
nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores from which the RNA and
ribosomes created through transcription can exit the nucleus.
c. The DNA is transcribed in the nucleus. The RNA exits the nucleus
through the nuclear pores and is translated into protein by the
ribosomes of the rough ER. The rough ER modifies the protein and
sends it to the Golgi in transport vesicles. The Golgi marks, sorts, and
packages the protein and it is then put in transport vesicles that travel
to the plasma membrane. At the membrane, the vesicle binds with
and becomes incorporated into the membrane while simultaneously
releasing its contents outside of the cell, this is known as exocytosis.