1 The skeletal and muscular systems
1
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Sample questions with mark schemes
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
(a)
The figure below shows an athlete during the take off phase of the long jump.
Note to TechType: please
insert photograph of a long
jumper during the take off
phase. Please then label as
indicated. If you cannot
find a photo to reuse from
AS TRF or AS student
book, please include a note
in next set of proofs
right hip
QuickT ime ™an d a
TIFF ( Uncomp res sed) deco mpre ssor
ar e need ed to see this pictur e.
right knee
left
ankle
Complete the missing information, A–F, in the movement analysis table below.
Joint Type
Right Hip
Ball and
socket
Right Knee
Hinge
Left Ankle
A
Articulating
Joint
bones
Action
(Acetabulum
of) pelvis,
Flexion
(head of)
femur
B
Femur, tibia,
fibula
Flexion
F
Agonist
Muscle
Antagonist
muscle
C
D
E
Recturs
femoris
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis
anterior
[6 marks]
(b)
To execute explosive movements such as those needed at the take off in the long jump, the
athlete will need to recruit fast glycolytic muscle fibres.
Explain why fast glycolytic muscle fibres are most suited to explosive movements.
[4 marks]
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1
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
(c)
Identify and explain the types of muscular contraction occurring in the muscles of the
quadriceps, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
during:
(i) the take off
and
(ii) the landing phases of the long jump
[5 marks]
(d)
Involvement in an active lifestyle is to be encouraged. However, certain types of activity can
impact in a negative way on the skeletal and muscular systems.
Describe the risks to the skeletal and muscular system that can be caused by regular
involvement in contact sports.
[5 marks]
(e)
Describe the main components of a warm up and explain the positive effects of a warm up
on skeletal muscle tissue.
[10 marks]
MARK SCHEME
(a)
The figure below shows an athlete during the take off phase of the long jump.
6 marks for:
A
B
C
D
E
=
=
=
=
=
hinge
femur, tibia
(NB: Not fibula or patella)
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus
(b)
To execute explosive movements such as those needed at the take off in the long jump,
the athlete will need to recruit fast glycolytic muscle fibres.
Explain why fast glycolytic muscle fibres are most suited to explosive movements.
[4 marks]
4 marks for 4 of:
1. large fibre size
2. generate a high force of contraction
3. in a small amount of time
4. large stores of phosphocreatine / PC
5. allowing quick access to energy
6. high anaerobic capacity
7. explosive / powerful fibres
© Owned by or under licence to Pearson Publishing Oxford Limited 2008
2
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
(c)
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Identify and explain the types of muscular contraction occurring in the muscles of the
quadriceps, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
during
(i) the take off
and
(ii) the landing phases of the long jump
[5 marks]
1.
2.
3.
4.
(i) (take off)
submax 3
acting as the agonist
directly responsible for extension of the knee
tension develops while the muscle shortens
muscle is causing movement
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(ii) (landing)
submax 3
working to control the landing
working against gravity
tension develops while the muscle lengthens
muscle is controlling movement / landing
to stop body collapsing completely on landing
(d)
Involvement in an active lifestyle is to be encouraged. However, certain types of
activity can impact in a negative way on the skeletal and muscular systems.
Describe the risks to the skeletal and muscular system that can be caused by regular
involvement in contact sports.
[5 marks]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5 marks for 5 of:
dangerous for osteoporosis sufferers
risk of fractures / stress fractures
risk of sprains / dislocations
particularly in less stable joints (knee, shoulder)
affecting joint stability
increased risk of damage to growth plates in children and adolescents
muscle tears / strains
damage to articular cartilage
injury can increase chances of osteoarthritis in later life
© Owned by or under licence to Pearson Publishing Oxford Limited 2008
3
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
(e)
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Describe the main components of a warm up and explain the positive effects of a
warm up on skeletal muscle tissue.
[10 marks]
Indicative content:
Warm Up - description
 crucial part to any sport
 increase the quality of performance of physical activity
 reduce the chance of muscle or joint soreness in days following exercise
 involves light aerobic exercise to elevate heart rate / increase muscle or body
temperature
 involves mobilising exercises to loosen the joints / secrete synovial fluid
 involves stretching to loosen the muscles / connective tissue
 involves some skill practices to prepare body for the movement patterns to follow
 prepares the body for exercise
 reduces the risk of injury
Warm up – explanation
 the positive effects of a warm up are as a result of an increase in body temperature
 reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to an improved efficiency of contraction
 higher speed of nerve transmission allows for a greater force and sped of contraction of
muscle fibres
 increased flexibility of muscles reduces the risk of injury
 increased extensibility of ligaments / tendons / connective tissue reduces the risk of
injury
Lever descriptors:
Level 3 – 8-10 marks
 there is detailed knowledge and good understanding of the topic
 there is effective analysis and / or critical evaluation
 knowledge has been clearly and consistently linked to practical performance throughout
the answer if appropriate
 accurate technical and specialist vocabulary is used throughout
 there is a high standard of written communication
Discriminators from level 2 are likely to include:
 detailed knowledge of the components of the warm up and the reasons for each
 sufficient knowledge credited for the explanation of a warm up to the efficiency of
skeletal muscle
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1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
Level 2 – 5-7 marks
 there is satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the topic
 analysis and/or critical evaluation is attempted with some success
 knowledge has been linked to practical performance with some success where
appropriate
 technical and specialist vocabulary is used with some accuracy
 written communication is generally fluent with few errors
Discriminators from level 1 are likely to include:
 a level of knowledge of the components of the warm up and the reasons for some of them
 some ability to explain why a muscle works more efficiently after a warm up
Level 1 – 0-4 marks
 there is basic knowledge but little understanding of the topic
 little or no attempt to analyse and/or evaluate
 little or no attempt to link to practical performance
 technical and specialist vocabulary is used with limited success
 written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which may be
intrusive
© Owned by or under licence to Pearson Publishing Oxford Limited 2008
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