Plant and Animal Final Study Guide
Intro to Plants (Ch. 22-1)
1. Basic characteristics of plants. Kingdom? Examples?
2. What is alternation of generations? Sporophyte? Gametophyte?
3. What do plants need to survive?
4. From which type of organism did most plants evolve?
5. Vascular vs. non-vascular tissues?
Types of Plants (Ch. 22-2, 3, 4, 5)
1. Characteristics of bryophytes and three groups?
2. What are rhizoids and what is the function?
3. Characteristics of seedless plants (know a few examples)
4. Know difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms (know some example of each)
5. What are some adaptations of seed plants that allow to them reproduce without water?
6. Monocots vs dicots (page 570)
7. What is the difference between annual, biennial, and perennial?
Plant Tissues (Ch 23)
1. Know basic tissue types (roots, stems and leaves) and their functions.
2. Xylem vs. phloem?
3. What is meristem, where is it found and how does this tissue grow?
4. Difference between taproot and fibrous roots. (Know some examples of each)
5. Know how water and nutrients move in a plant.
6. What is bark and how does it form?
7. Know the leaf layers and where photosynthesis occurs. Stomata?
Reproduction of Seed Plants
1. How do gymnosperm and angiosperm reproductive methods differ?
2. What is a fruit and what is its function?
3. Know the structure of a flower. (Fig 24-5)
4. What is pollination? Know the different types.
5. Know the different types of seed dispersal and why it is important.
6. What is germination?
Plant Responses and Adaptations (Ch. 25)
1. What is a hormone and what do they control in plants?
2. What are auxins and what 3 types of tropism do they control? (Be sure to describe each tropism as well)
3. What is the function of cytokinins, giberellins, and ethylene in plants?
4. Know the basic adaptations of aquatic, salt-tolerant, and desert plants?
5. What is an epiphyte?
Intro to Animals (Ch. 26-1)
1. Know the basic characteristics of organisms in Kingdom Animalia.
2. Invertebrate vs. vertebrate?
3. 3 types of symmetry?
4. Cephalization?
Phylum Porifera & Cnidaria (Ch. 26-2)
1. Know the body plans of the organisms in Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria.
2. What are the unique characteristics of Phylum Porifera? Define sessile, spicule, collar cell, osculum.
3. Know how sponges and cnidarians carry out their basic life functions. Be able to give examples of cnidarians.
4. What are the unique characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria? Define ocelli, statocyst, What do they use to attack and defend?
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Phyla Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida (Ch. 27-1, 2, 3)
1. What is a coelom? What does the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm give rise to?
2. Know how flatworms, roundworms and annelids carry out their basic life functions (movement, feeding, protection,
excretion, respiration, circulation, reproduction, etc)
3. Know the 3 classes of flatworms and what types of specialized structures they have.
4. Be sure to know the tapeworm structure and life cycle.
5. Be familiar with the life cycle of liver flukes.
6. What are some special features of the earthworm and why it is considered an advanced organism?
7. Give the beneficial and harmful effects of each phylum.
Phylum Molluska (Ch. 27-4)
1. Know the basic life functions of gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods (movement, feeding, protection, excretion,
respiration, circulation, reproduction, etc)
2. Organisms in each class and how do they differ?
3. What are the 4 main parts of a mollusk?
4. What is a radula and what’s the function?
5. Know the beneficial and harmful effects of mollusks.
Phylum Echinodermata (Ch. 28-4)
1. General characteristics of echinoderms.
2. Understand water vascular system and tube feet.
3. What organisms are in each of the 5 classes?
4. How do they carry out their basic life functions? (movement, feeding, protection, excretion, respiration, circulation,
reproduction, etc)
5. Know the beneficial and harmful effects of echinoderms.
Phylum Arthropoda (Ch. 28-1, 2, 3)
1. General characteristics of arthropods.
2. 5 classes of arthropods: what makes them different? Types of organisms? Special features? Molting?
3. Basic life functions (movement, feeding, protection, excretion, respiration, circulation, reproduction, etc)
4. Benefits and disadvantages of the exoskeleton.
5. Know the 3 types of metamorphosis
6. What makes insects so superior?
7. Know the beneficial and harmful effects of arthropods.
Phylum Chordata (Ch. 30-33)
1. Know the general characteristics of chordates: notochord, pharyngeal gills, dorsal hollow nerve tube (what do these
become in an adult chordate?)
2. Define viviparous, ovoviviparous, oviparous
3. Ectotherm vs. endotherm
4. 3 classes of fish: Know how they are different and types of organisms in each class
5. What is an operculum? What organ controls buoyancy in fish?
6. Amphibian evolution and special characteristics of this class.
7. As animals transitioned from water to land, what special adaptations did they evolve? Amniotic egg?
8. What special adaptations do birds have that allow them to fly? Be specific
9. What is a cloaca, what is its function and which chordates have one?
10. How is the metabolic rate of a mammal different from a reptile? Why is the metabolic rate so different? How are reptiles
different from amphibians?
11. Know the basic body plans and life functions (movement, feeding, protection, excretion, respiration, circulation,
reproduction, etc) of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; specifically how their circulatory systems differ.
General
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Explain evolution. Know the order of evolution. What animals were the 1st to evolve? From what did chordates evolve?
Know the advantages & disadvantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction
DNA codes for ________________, which codes for ___________________
A protein is made of long chains of ________________ ___________________
Any change in a segment of DNA
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