Chapter 30 Plant Nutrition and Transport
Nutrients and Their Availability in Soils
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Nutrients are elements needed for _________________________________
o “Big three” elements are ________________________________
o Thirteen others are taken in water through the_____________________
Six elements have deemed_____________________(e.g. N, K, Ca); seven others are
__________________________(e.g. Cl, Fe, Zn)
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Properties of Soil
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Soil consists of
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Particles come three sizes: ___________________________________
Clay: the smallest –
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Plants do best in _______________________, soil with nearly equal proportions of the three particle type.
Layers of soil can be classified by profile properties; _______________________, the uppermost, is the most
essential layer for plant growth
Example of a
Soil Profile
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Leaching and Erosion
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Leaching:
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Erosion
How do roots absorb water and mineral ions?
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Absorption Routes
Water moves from the soil across the ________________________ to the ______________________, a column of
vascular tissue in the center of the ____________________
Sheetlike layer of cells, the _____________________, surrounds the column
Water-repellant ______________________________ forces water to move through the cytoplasm of the cells of the
endodermis
o Therefore, membrane transport proteins help control the types of absorbed ________________ that will
become distributed throughout the plant
Most flowering plants also have an ___________________, a layer of cells just inside the roots which also has a
________________________ that functions just like the one next to the root vascular cylinder
Specialized Absorptive Structure
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____________________________, extensions of the root epidermal cells, greatly_____________________ the
absorptive surface.
____________________ of legumes harbor bacteria that covert gaseous nitrogen to forms useful in the growth of
the plants. (Symbiotic relationship: ____________________________)
________________________________ (Fungi growing around plant roots) aid in absorbing minerals that are
supplied to the plant in exchange for sugars, a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both
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Water Transportation
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Transpiration :
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Some water is used for ___________________________________, but evaporates into the air by
_______________________
Cohesion-Tension Theory of Water Transport
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Water moves through pipelines called __________________, composed of cells (dead at maturity) called
________________________and ___________________________
Cohesion-Tension Theory of water explains water movement in plants: the drying power of air causes
___________________________, which puts water in the xylem in a state of __________________ leading from
_____________________ to _________________ to __________________.
o Unbroken fluid columns of water show ____________________ (aided by the hydrogen bonds); they resist
rupturing as they are pulled upward under __________________
o As long as water molecules escape from the plant, molecules are pulled up to replace
How do stems and leaves conserve water?
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Of the water that moves through the leaf, _____________ is lost by transpiration, only about 2 percent is used
during _________________________
Water Conserving Cuticle
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Cuticle
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It coats the outer __________________, which are exposed to air
_____________________ are embedded in a matrix of cutin a lipid polymer
The cuticle does not bar the entry of ___________________, but does restrict water loss, ___________________
diffusion of CO2, and ______________________ diffusion of oxygen
Stomata: Controlled water loss
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Regulates the passage of ________________________________________.
A pair of ___________________________ defines each opening
In sunlight, a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the guard cells causes____________________
and_____________________ to move into the guard cells causing them to swell (_______________________); this
creates an opening for carbon dioxide entry (___________________) and water loss (______________________)
At night, potassium and water move out and the ____________________ collapse to close the gap and conserve
water
How are Organic Compounds Distributed Through Plants?
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Phloem:
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_____________________________ are alive at maturity and are interconnected from leaf to root
__________________________ also participate in a supportive role
Storage forms of organic molecules (examples: Starch, fats, and proteins) are _____________________ for
transport throughout the plant body
They are therefore converted to more soluble forms, _____________________
Translocation
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Most often used to signify the transport of ___________________ and other compounds through phloem
Observations of aphids feeding show that sugars inside the _________________________ are being moved under
pressure
Pressure Flow Theory
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Movement of molecules through phloem from __________________ (mostly leaves) to _____________________
(flowers and fruits)
According to the pressure flow theory, translocation depends on _____________________________
Solutes are loaded by active transport into the_________________________ from a source; water follows
As pressure builds in the tubes it pushes the ________________-laden fluid out of the leaf into the stem, and on to
the sink