Chapter 3. Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Jung
-Thought that his development was too one-sided (outer world).
-Withdrew from people and relied on his own inner experience (too smart?).
-Explored the secrets of his unconsciousness and tried to unlock the mystery of his own personality.
-Explored the contents of unconsciousness and rediscover those aspects of the unconsciousness that had been
neglected.
-Tried to correct an overdeveloped consciousness (i.e., relentless pursuit for success, status) and rediscover the
spiritual meanings of their existence.
-Life is more than “mere getting and spending.”
-Behavior is determined by both past events/experiences (causality/determinism) and future goals (teleology/freewill).
Jung vs. Freud
1. The personality is the manifestations of psyche (a nonphysical space with its own special reality) in various
feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Sexual urges are only one aspect of psychic energy or libido).
2. Personality is shaped by our future as well as our past. Personality is not determined by what happened during
childhood (teleology/free will vs. causality/determinism)
3. More focus on unconsciousness than Freud. Jung added a new dimension to the unconsciousness.
What is Personality?
-The personality is the manifestations of psyche (a nonphysical space with its own special reality) in various
feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
-Psychic energy is an outcome of conflicts between various structures of the psyche (no conflict, no energy/life).
-Sexual urges are only one aspect of psychic energy or libido).
-Personal development is a dynamic, continuous, and evolving process occurring throughout life (cf. personality
development is not relatively fixed by the early childhood/puberty unlike Freud proposed).
How the psyche operates?
-Principle of Opposites: The psychic energy propelling personality and behavior is derived from the interplay
between opposite forces within the psyche (i.e., occupational success vs. spiritual life)
-Principle of Equivalence: The idea that energy expanded/consumed in one part of the psyche will be met by a
compensatory loss/gain (by an equal amount of energy) in the same or different form in another part of the psyche.
No creation or loss of energy, but just shifting energy from a part to another (i.e., energy expansion in
careerenergy loss in spiritual life).
-Principle of Entropy: The idea that energy is automatically redistributed in the psyche in order to achieve
equilibrium or balance (i.e., too much partiesenergy loss/less concern in spiritual activitiesautomatically
contemplate, get study time or meditation).
-Principle of Synchronicity: Belief that there is an “acausal” order in the world that has meaning and that goes
beyond “causality.” (Why do we have to die? No causality).
Personality Structure (within the psyche)
-Ego: Center of consciousness, conscious memories and experiences, force of energy that is responsible for identity
and continuity as a human being, unifying force in personality before “self” is obtained.
-Personal unconsciousness: Once conscious, but forgotten memories and experiences because their unpleasantness.
Also includes sense impression (below threshold). Can bring them into consciousness with effort.
-Collective unconsciousness: Lying in the deepest part of psyche. Most powerful and influential system of the
psyche. Storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from our human or pre-human ancestors (not exact memories
but the possibility/tendencies of repeating the past). A residue accumulated from repeated experiences over many
generations) (i.e., how to respond to darkness or snake?).
*Archetypes:
-Inherited predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways.
-Universal themes or symbols that can be activated by forces operating in the psyche, thereby generating visions that
are projected onto current experiences.
-Persona: Public personality. Archetype consisting of the role humans play to meet the demands of others. A mask
adopted by the person in response to the demands of social convention and tradition. It allows us to express our
innermost feelings in socially acceptable ways (cf., super-ego of Freud).
Ego’s identification with persona can be positive (i.e., protects ego from other forces) or negative (i.e., “I
am what I pretended to be”).
Too much persona: overdressed dream. Too little person: naked dream.
-Shadow: Focus on materials repressed from consciousness. Animal instincts that humans inherited from lower
forms of life during evolution. The inferior, evil, repulsive side of human nature. (cf., Id of Freud).
-Anima: Feministic archetype in men, including a sense of warmth/intuitive understanding (positive) and
moodiness/irritability (negative). Compliments parson.
-Animus: The masculine archetype in women, including an ability to reason and use logic to solve problems
(positive) and an uncritical/dramatic adherence to certain ideas and irrationality in solving problems (negative).
-Self: Archetypal potentiality in all of us. Center of the unconscious. Connects both conscious and unconscious.
Innate blueprint that is capable of being realized. Leads us to search for ways of maximizing the development of our
potential.
Self-actualization
-Acknowledging everything you wish not to acknowledge about oneself and finding out and trying to actualize one’s
unique potentials.
-Obtaining an Integrated Whole Personality through painful struggle to reconcile conflicting sides of one’s nature.
-Subordination to a set of rule and moral principles resolving conflicts or to a higher authority (i.e., God).
-Not a state of total passivity (i.e., Try to change and control situations in life, but also accept some situations can
not be controlled.
-An ideal state. That is, process rather than achievement is important.
-Becoming a person with unique sets of strengths and limitations and accepting these limitations.
-The person becomes all one is capable of becoming as a human beings.
-One-sided development and repressed/undifferentiated parts of the psyche are responsible for neurosis and
psychosis.
Personality Types (8 types16 types)
1. Two Fundamental Attitudes
-Extraversion:
An outgoing, relatively confident approach to life. Outward-oriented. Interested in objects and people.
-Introversion:
A retiring and reflective approach to life. Inward-oriented. Focused on inner world of thinking and feeling.
2. Four Functions (Rational/judgmental vs. Irrational/perceptive)
-Sensation: sensory perception. Stick to concrete objects (i.e., What exactly am I sensing?)
-Intuition: See beyond the concrete facts and deal with perceptions/possibilities (i.e., What is possible?).
-Feeling: Value-laden, emotional preference (i.e., what value does this have?).
-Thinking: Value-laden, logical/analytical judgment (i.e., What does this mean?).
(Example): Blood, die, not good, and get treatment.
(Example): No perfect balance. Superior vs. Inferior
*Myers-Briggs-Type Indicator (MBTI)
(a) IT
-Strongly influenced by ideas that are generated by one’s collective unconsciousness (inside sources) rather than
external/objective data)
-They tend to appear aloof, cold, socially inept, and inarticulate in communicating ideas.
(b) ET
-Depend on intellectual conclusions and external objective data.
-May exploit others to further one’s aims and goals.
(c) IF (prevalent in women)
-Likely to be silent, inaccessible, and hard to understand
-May show intense emotions generated by one’s collective unconsciousness.
(d) EF (prevalent in women)
-Depend on other’s subjective judgments (If my parents like my boyfriend, I like him)
-Are likely to conform to the rules and regulations prescribed by one’s society.
-Good companions and excellent mothers.
(e) IS
-Irrational type guided by the intensity of the subjective sensation.
-Tend to overreact to external stimuli (interpret innocuous comments in bizarre ways.
(f) ES (prevalent in men)
-Reality-oriented.
-Usually outgoing, sensation-oriented (food, pleasure)
(g) IN
-Estrangement form reality
-Considered enigmatic.
(h) EN
-Exploit external opportunities.
-Politicians, merchants, contractors.
-Good in inspiring others, but not for them.
Assessment Techniques
(a) Dream analysis: Analysis of a single dream may mislead. The in-depth analysis of multiple dreams allows the
patient and therapists to move from the personal meanings embedded in the symbols to their deeper meanings as
archetypal images.
(b) Method of amplification: Focus on (adheres to) a given symbol and looks for numerous meanings with it. The
symbol’s multiple meanings become clear and provide patients with insights into their problems (cf. Freud’s free
association).
(c) Word association test: Present patients with stimulus words and ask them to respond with whatever words
occurred to them (i.e., money, mother).
-Areas/severity of conflict can be identified by Reaction Time, Repeating the stimulus words as if not heard,
Misheard the stimulus word, More than one response, a Meaningless response, and Failure to respond.
(d) Painting therapy: Patients express their unconscious feelings and thoughts on paintings. Paintings reveal patient’s
innermost self. Then encourage patients to actively cope with their problems and move toward self-realization.
Four therapeutic steps
-Confession (acknowledge one’s weakness and limitations)
-Elucidation (Therapist clarifies certain contents of the unconsciousness patients bring to the conscious surface)
-Education (Help patients gain the insights into their personalities and adapt to the social environment, and Transformation (Move beyond the adaptation and toward self-actualization).
Evaluation of Jung’s theory
1. Comprehensive
2. Precision/Testability
3. Parsimony
4. Empirical validity
5. Heuristic value
6. Applied value