Unit One – What is Chemistry
16.1- Chemistry: The Central Science
Write the definition of chemistry as given in class:
16.2-The Submicroscopic World
Atom – the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the
element
Molecules –
Examples:
Macroscopic – can be seen without ______________________-. It can be measured and
handled
Microscope – need an instrument to been seen
States of matter – solids, liquids, gases and plasma
1. Solids
a. have a definite _______________
b. have a definite _______________
c. the particles are packed _______________ together
d. types of solids
1) _______________ solids
-
have a regular, repeating _______________ of particles
-
examples:
2) _______________ solids
-
particles do not _______________ in a pattern
-
these solids do not retain their solid shape ____________
-
examples:
2. Liquids
a. has no definite _______________
b. has a definite _______________
c. have _______________: the resistance of a liquid to flow
- higher viscosity- _______________ flow, lower viscosity –
_______________ flow
3. Gas
a. has no definite _______________
b. has no definite _______________
c. the particles tend to spread out more than in __________,
_______________
d. _______________ Law – if the _______________ of a gas is decreased,
the amount of _______________ the gas exerts increases (and vice versa)
e. _______________ Law – as the _______________ of a gas increases, the
volume of the gas increases (and vice versa)
4. Plasma
-
rare on earth, but very common in _______________
-
very high _______________ phase of matter
-
present in ______________________________ when they are on and
_______________
Draw the particles in a solid, liquid, and gas in the boxes below. Make sure to label
which box corresponds to which phase.
*****In your own words paraphrase what Ms. D said about the difference the molecular
view in solids liquids and gases. Pay particular attention to solids and liquids.
16.3 – Change of Phase
_______________ – change from solid to liquid
_______________ _______________ – temperature & pressure at which a solid changes
to a liquid
-
most substances have a characteristic melting point
-
example:
_______________ – removing heat energy to change a liquid into a solid
_______________ _______________ – temperature at which a liquid changes into a
solid
_______________ – the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
_______________ – a type of vaporization in which the particles of the
liquid change into a gas at the surface of the liquid
_______________ – a type of vaporization in which the particles of the
liquid change into a gas inside the liquid and then travel to the
liquid’s surface and into the air
_______________ _______________ – the temp. & pressure at which a liquid boils
-
most substances have a characteristic boiling point
-
-
example: water -> water vapor at
if air pressure is _______________, boiling point is reduced
(boiling point of water lowers below 100 degrees C)
-
if air pressure _______________, boiling point is increased
(boiling point of water raises above 100 degrees C)
_______________ – gas changes to a liquid as it loses heat energy
-
example: dew
_______________ – surface particles of a solid change into a gas without passing
through a liquid phase
example: carbon dioxide, drying wet clothes outside in winter
Phase Changes
– Matter changes its state due to changes in its
_______________ (heat) content
-
All phase changes are __________________ changes (the material is
not changed)
Energy and Phase Change
-Energy is measured in ____________________
-Heat of Fusion:
-each substance has their own particular heat of fusion value
-water = _____________________
-Heat of vaporization: the amount of energy required to change any substance
from_________________ to ________________ (and vice versa)
- each substance has their own particular heat of fusion value
- water = _____________________
Why is heat of vaporization higher than heat of fusion?
Can you add heat to ice without melting it?
temperature
GASES
LIQUIDS
SOLIDS
time
16.4 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical property –
Two types
a. Extensive – depends upon the amount of ___________________________
present
Ex.
b. Intensive – does not depend on the amount of matter present.
Ex.
Physical change – a change that affects any _____________________properties
Chemical property –
Chemical properties characterize the ability of a stance to react with other substances or
to transform from one substance to another
Example:
Chemical change – a change that produces one or more new_______________________
***During a chemical change, there is a change in the way the atoms are chemically
bonded to one another.
Chemical Bond –
Chemical change means the same thing as ___________________________________
Chemical reaction (rxn) – new materials are formed by a change in the way atoms are
bonded together.
16.5 – Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
**After a physical change, the molecules are the __________________ as the ones you
started with. After a chemical change, the original molecules have been
______________________ and new ones are in their place.
Indications of a chemical change
1.
(HCl and Mg)
2.
(AgNO3 and HCl)
3.
(HCl and Mg, NH4NO3)
4.
(Mg and O2)
5.
(acid and base)