#: ___ Scientist’s Name: ______________________________
Competency 2f-2g
Describe the biochemical basis of life and explain how energy flows within and between
the living systems.
f. Describe the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in making energy available to cells. (DOK 1)
 ATP structure
 ATP function
g. Analyze and explain the biochemical process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and draw
conclusions about the roles of the reactants and products in each. (DOK 3)
 Photosynthesis and respiration (reactants and products)
 Light-dependent reactions and light independent reactions in photosynthesis, including
requirements & products of each
 Aerobic and anaerobic processes in cellular respiration, including products of each and
energy differences
Biology Textbook - Chapter 9
DaBook – Section 8
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ADP, ATP, & Cellular Respiration
PowerPoint Question Guide
1. _______ is the energy used by all cells.
2. ATP stands for ________________ ______________.
3. ATP is an ___________ molecule containing high-energy ____________ bonds.
4. The sugar in ATP is ____________, while the nitrogen base is ___________.
5. How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?
6. How do we get energy from ATP?
7. Make a simple sketch of ATP and show the high-energy bond that is broken.
8. To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, _________ must be added.
9. The process is called ___________.
10. What enzyme is used to help weaken & break the last phosphate bond in ATP?
11. Can ATP be remade?
12. When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, __________ and a free __________ form.
13. What enzyme can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP?
14. Using ATP's energy and then remaking it is called the ________________ cycle.
15. In the body, ATP is made during the process of _____________ ________________.
16. Cellular respiration takes place in both ____________ and ____________.
17. Cellular respiration requires the gas ____________.
18. In cellular respiration, ______ is oxidized (loses electrons) and ______ is reduced (gains electrons).
19. The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in ________ to _______ ATP molecules of energy.
20. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.
21. Cellular respiration is an example of a ________ reaction.
22. REDOX stands for _____________-____________ reactions.
23. What are the products of cellular respiration?
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24. What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration?
25. NAD+_ is a _____________ that forms ____________ when it is reduced (picks up electrons).
26. What does NAD+ stand for?
27. Name a second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.
28. What does FAD+ stand for?
29. FAD+ becomes __________ whenever it is reduced.
30. Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a _______________ ____________ because it involves
many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates.
31. Cellular respiration is an ______________ reaction because it releases energy from glucose.
32. Glucose is broken down into __________ and _________.
33. Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? Explain why.
34. Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration.
35. ______ takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. while the ____ cycle and ETC take place in the ______.
36. Sketch and label the parts of a mitochondrion.
37. Describe the outer surface of the mitochondria.
38. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is ___________.
39. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ___________.
40. The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the ___________.
41. Using the PowerPoint diagram, answer the following:
a. Glycolysis occurs where?
b. Glycolysis produces what energy molecule?
c. The products of glycolysis enter what other part of a cell?
d. What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle?
e. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what?
f. The ETC occurs across what?
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g. What is the product at the end of the ETC?
h. What gas is added at the end of the ETC?
i. The Krebs cycle occurs where?
j. What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle?
k. Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?
l. Is ATP in the ETC?
42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Explain why.
43. Glycolysis requires how much ATP to get started?
44. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of ______________ or pyruvic _________.
45. Is any CO2 produced during glycolysis?
46. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces ______ ATP.
47. How much NADH (energy carrier) is made during glycolysis?
48. Glycolysis does ______ require oxygen but may occur if _________ is present.
49. If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called _______________.
50. Fermentation is an _____________ process because no ___________ is needed.
51. Name the 2 types of fermentation.
52. Which fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells?
53. _________ acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired.
54. ____________ fermentation in yeasts produces an alcohol called _____________.
55. Fermentation only nets ______ molecules of ATP.
56. Why did Hans Krebs receive the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953?
57. Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII?
58. Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?
59. Processes needing oxygen are said to be ____________.
60. How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to burn one molecule of glucose?
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61. What gas is made during the Krebs Cycle?
62. Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
63. TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces
____ CO2 molecules, ____ NADH, ___FADH, & ___ ATP molecules.
64. Label the parts of the Krebs Cycle.
65. The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the _____ and produces _____ as an end product.
66. The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes __ & __ to make 34 ATP's of
energy.
67. Each NADH makes _______ ATP's, while each FADH makes only ______ ATP's.
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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Plant cells and some Algae contain an organelle called the
chloroplast. The chloroplast allows plants to harvest energy from sunlight
to carry on a process known as Photosynthesis. Specialized pigments in the chloroplast
(including the common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb sunlight and use this energy
to combine carbon dioxide and water and make GLUCOSE and OXYGEN. The
complete the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis is:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight)
RAW MATERIALS
ENERGY
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
PRODUCTS
In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates that they can
store for later use. Photosynthetic cells found mainly in the leaves may have thousands
of chloroplasts.
QUESTIONS:
1. What type of cells contains chloroplasts?
2. What is the energy autotrophs use to make their own food?
3. The food making process is called ___________________.
4. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
5. What simple sugar is produced?
6. What gas is USED? ________________ RELEASED? ________
7. Where are most photosynthetic cells in plants found?
8. About how many chloroplasts can be found in photosynthetic cells?
Chloroplasts are double membrane organelles with a smooth outer membrane and
an inner membrane folded into disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids. Color and label the
outer membrane light green. Thylakoids, containing chlorophyll and other accessory
pigments (red, orange, yellow, brown), are in stacks called granum (grana, plural).
Color and label the grana (STACK) dark green in Figure 1. Grana are connected to each
other by structures called lamellae, and they are surrounded by a gel-like material called
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stroma. Color and label the lamellae brown in figure 1. Color and label the stroma
light blue in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1-CHLOROPLAST
9. How many membranes surround a chloroplast?
10. The outer membrane is S____________.
11. The INDIVIDUAL SACS formed by the inner membrane are called
_________________ and are arranged in ___________ like pancakes.
12. What pigment is found inside a thylakoid? What color will it be?
13. Other pigments that trap sunlight are called A_____________ pigments. What
colors are these pigments?
14. STACKS of thylakoids are called G___________ (plural) or GRANUM (singular).
15. Stacks or grana are connected to each other by _____________.
Light-capturing pigments in the grana are organized into photosystems. On Figure 2,
color and label a single thylakoid (SINGLE DISK) dark green. In figure 2, color and label
a granum (STACK) red.
FIGURE 2-THYLAKOID
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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell because they “burn” or break the
chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in a cell. Remember that
this energy originally came from the sun and was stored in chemical bonds by plants
during photosynthesis. Glucose and other carbohydrates made by plants during
photosynthesis are broken down by the process of aerobic cellular respiration
(requires oxygen) in the mitochondria of the cell. This releases energy (ATP) for the
cell. The more active a cell (such as a muscle cell), the more mitochondria it will
have. The mitochondria are bout the size of a bacterial cell and are often peanutshaped. Mitochondria have their own DNA and a double membrane like the nucleus
and chloroplast. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is
convoluted into folds called cristae in order to increase the surface area.
16. Why are mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?
17. What cell process occurs in the mitochondria?
18. Why do some cells have MORE mitochondria? Give an example.
19. What simple sugar is broken down in the mitochondria?
20. Where does the energy in glucose come from ORIGINALLY?
21. Where is this energy stored in glucose?
22. Why is cellular respiration an aerobic process?
23. What energy is released when the chemical bonds of glucose are broken?
24. Name two other organelles besides the mitochondria that contain DNA and have
a double membrane.
25. Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
26. Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded?
27. What are the folds called?
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Color and label the outer membrane pink and the cristae red on figure 3. This
greatly increases the surface area of the membrane so that carbohydrates (simple
sugars) can combine with oxygen to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate (the
energy molecule of the cell). The electron transport chain takes place across the
membranes of the cristae (crista, singular). Inside the folds or cristae is a space called
the matrix that contains enzymes needed for the Kreb's Cycle? Color and label the
matrix yellow on figure 3.
FIGURE 3 - MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work.
It is a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or
guanine), a 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. ATP is able to store and transport
chemical energy within cells. The LAST TWO phosphate groups (PO4), are joined by
HIGH-ENERGY bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released for cells to use
and ADP forms. Enzymes help to break and reform these high-energy bonds.
28. What does ATP stand for?
29. What three main things make up an ATP molecule?
30. How many high-energy bonds does ATP contain?
31. Where are these high-energy bonds found in ATP?
32. What helps weaken these bonds so energy can be released and then later help
reform them?
33. When ATP loses a phosphate group __________ is released for cells and a
molecule of _________ forms.
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In Figure 4, COLOR the 5-carbon sugar RED and LABEL it RIBOSE. COLOR and
LABEL the nitrogen-base DARK BLUE. COLOR and LABEL the 3 phosphate groups
YELLOW, and COLOR & LABEL the 2 high-energy bonds GREEN.
FIGURE 4 – ATP MOLECULE
Questions:
34. What is the energy molecule of the cell called?
35. What macromolecule made by plants is "burned" in the mitochondria?
36. Where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?
37. In which part of a plant would you expect to find the most chloroplasts and
why?
38. How would the number of mitochondria in an insect's wing compare to the
amount found in other cells in an insect's body? Explain your answer.
39. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
40. What product of photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration?
41. What is the advantage of having a folded inner membrane in the mitochondria?
42. What is the energy for photosynthesis?
43. Besides chlorophyll, what other pigments are found in the chloroplasts?
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LABEL THE PARTS THAT MAKE UP THIS MOLECULE:
A= _________________________________
B= __________________________________
C=___________________________________
WHAT DOES ATP STAND FOR?
A_______________________ T________________________________________
HOW MANY PHOSPHATES ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF ADP? ____________
HOW IS ATP MADE FROM ADP?
__________________________________________________________________________________
USE the words: ENERGY STORING and ENERGY RELEASING to label what is happening in the
reactions shown below:
_____________________________________
____________________________________
Name 3 cellular activities that use the energy stored in ATP:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
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Write the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols instead of
words:
___________
__________________
+ ___________________
__________________
+
___________________
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used to make 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) ?
1
2
3
6
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In addition to water and carbon dioxide, what two things are required for photosynthesis to happen?
_______________________ and _______________________
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Name 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
USE THE LETTERS IN THE DIAGRAM AT THE LEFT TO IDENTIFY:
______ stroma
______ thylakoid
______ granum
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COLOR THE DIAGRAM AS DESCRIBED:
Color the energy from sunlight YELLOW
Color the two places where light energy
enters the reactions ORANGE
Color the hydrogen ions RED
Color the electrons GREEN
Color the thylakoid membrane BLUE
On which side of the membrane would
you find the STROMA? A or B
(Hint: look to see where NADPH is being
made)
On which side of the membrane is the
INNER THYLAKOID SPACE? A or B
(Hint: look to see where water molecules
are being split)
Where does ATP formation happen?
Stroma
inner thylakoid space
Add an equation to the diagram in the correct location that
shows the formation of ATP from ADP.
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USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANK TO FILL IN THE CHART COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE LIGHTDEPENDENT REACTIONS AND THE CALVIN CYCLE: (You can use them more than once!)
in stroma
in thylakoid membrane
O 2 ATP CO2 H2O NADPH Requires light Doesn’t require light SUGARS (glucose)
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
CALVIN CYCLE
LOCATION
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
LIGHT?
Which of these graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? ______
(Hint: Many molecules that help with photosynthesis are enzymes)
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ___________________________________________________________
Which of these graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? ______
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ______________________________________________________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL:
(You can use them MORE THAN ONCE)
______ MATRIX
______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
______ CYTOPLASM
______ OUTER MEMBRANE
______ INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE)
______ Place GLYCOLYSIS happens
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM ABOVE WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN
ONCE or NOT AT ALL)
______ Place where glycolysis happens
______ Place where enzymes for the Electron Transport Chain are located
______ Place that fills with H+ ions as electrons move down the Electron transport chain
______ Place where ADP and P join to make ATP
______ Place where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor to make water
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EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
FOLDABLE
FOLD DIRECTIONS:
1. Fold a sheet of paper in half horizontally (hamburger) so that
one side is one inch longer than the other side.
2. Cut the shorter side in half, up towards the fold (mountain top)
to create two flaps.
LABEL FRONT OF FLAPS
1. Label the LEFT flap, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, and sketch, label, and
color the CHLOROPLAST.
2. Label the RIGHT flap, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, and color, label, and sketch the MITOCHONDRIA.
3. Label the BOTTOM flap, METABOLISM – ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS.
LABEL BACK OF FLAPS
1. On the LEFT BACK flap include the following:
a. Equation for photosynthesis?
b. What occurs in the light-dependent reactions?
c. What occurs in the light-independent reactions?
2. On the RIGHT BACK flap include the following:
a. Equation for cellular respiration?
b. What is glycolysis & where in the cell does it
occur?
c. What’s the Kreb’s cycle and where does it take
place in the cell?
CENTER UN-CUT SECTION
1. Sketch and color the photorespiration diagram
below. Explain how these two processes are
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related. (HINT: WHAT IMPORTANT ELEMENT IS BEING RECYCLED?)
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