Sociology Final Exam Review 2013 Intro to Sociology Sociological Theories and Theorists What started the science of sociology, urbanization, industrial revolution, conflict theory, Emile Durkheim “Suicide Studies” Bystander Effect, norms, folkways, mores, laws deviance, use of symbols in communication, Whorf –Sapir Hypothesis. “Hotel Rwanda” and culture clash Need to Know: What is Sociology? What is sociological perspective? What is sociological identity What is sociological imagination? What kinds of questions are there? What are empirical questions and how are they different than moral or Empirical, Theoretical, Moral theoretical questions? How do sociologists measure society? What content areas do sociologists look at and why? CAUSE=Direct result of an action/issue/event CORRELATION= Related to action/issue/event but not necessarily a cause. Ex. You more a probably chance of dying if you go to the hospital. How Did Sociology Develop? Industrial Revolution – change from rural farming communities to urbanization Relationships no longer personal, less Many also questioned religious and helpful, more anonymous traditional explanations of life People became frustrated, many were City life led to poverty, crime and poor and some were wealthy relationships based on exchange or money or work…entire sociological Political revolutions developed in this make up of society changed time period. This view is sometimes called the WhorfCulture and Symbols, Values and Beliefs Sapir hypothesis, after the linguists who made it famous – Symbol: anything that represents something else. Speakers of different languages think about the world in Language then determines our quite different ways. cultural reality. Values are defined as the standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty; they are broad principles Culture: way of life Sub cultures, (work, school, neighborhood, hobby groups, football team, etc.) all have their own norms and values Counter-Culture: goes against the “norm” – Amish, Hippies in the 60’s Culture is defined as the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life. • At different times and different places, groups come into conflict over beliefs due to cultural differences • Sociologists describe two interrelated aspects of human culture: the physical objects of the culture (Material Culture) and the ideas associated with these objects. (Non-material Culture). Norms are defined as rules that guide behavior. Proscriptive Norms: mandate what we should not do Prescriptive Norms: stating what we should do. They can change over time, as illustrated by norms regarding sexual behavior. When people travel between societies or even within their own, they can experience culture shock, a personal disorientation that can come from encountering an unfamiliar way of life Ideal Culture: values and norms are not descriptions of actual behavior but rather reflect how we believe members of a culture should behave. -example, smoking is unhealthy and leads to health problems. Nobody should smoke. Cults: • Studies performed by those who believe that some religious groups do practice mind control have identified a number of key steps in coercive persuasion 1 • People are put in physical or emotionally distressing situations; • They receive what seems to be unconditional love, (love bombing), acceptance, and attention from a charismatic leader or group; • They get a new identity based on the group; • They are subject to isolation from friends, relatives and the mainstream culture and their access to information is severely controlled Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be criminal or noncriminal. Deviance: deviating from the norm Deviance is relative to time and place because what is considered deviant in one social context may be non-deviant in another (e.g., fighting during a hockey game vs. fighting in a nursing home). The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behavior that violates laws) is criminology (also known as criminal justice). Anomie refers to the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or don't even exist The differences between socially accepted goals and the availability of means to achieve those goals. Attaining wealth is a major goal of Americans, but not all Americans possess the means to do this. Those who find the “road to riches” closed to them experience anomie, because an obstacle has stopped their pursuit of a socially approved goal. When this happens, these individuals may employ deviant behaviors to attain their goals, retaliate against society, or merely “make a point.” Control Theory • People have various restraints: internal controls, such as conscience, values, integrity, morality, and the desire to be a “good person”. • They have outer controls, such as police, family, friends, and religious authorities. Game Theory Invented by John Nash – used in economics/mathematics/politics and sociology. What you will get out of an interaction with an individual is determined in part by who benefits. Non-Zero Sum Game/Zero Sum Game Family & Relationships Family = group of people living together related by blood or marriage who support themselves economically/emotionally. Kin = wider collection of related people beyond the immediate family. z Nuclear Family is made up of no more than two generations (parents and children). z Extended Family is made up of large number of people usually three generations or more who live together or by each other – type typical of preindustrial societies. z Reconstituted Families formed by adults who have married previously and who bring children from their previous marriage to the new marriage, forming a new family unit. z Household group of people who live in the same accommodation. While most families live in households, not all households correspond to a family unit Marriage: z Marriage – religious or cultural ceremony which marks a couple as married. z Monogamy – marriage of one man and one woman. z Polygamy – marriage of one man and more than one woman z Polyandry – marriage of one woman and more than one man z Same Sex Marriage – marriage of two people of the same gender Types of Marriages, Stages of Marriage Singlehood & Cohabitation RWANDAN GENOCIDE: CULTURE CLASH 2