Jacob Schulman
March 1, 2007
AP Euro
Mr. Mumma
Days 1&2: A Second Wave of Western Expansion: China, Japan, and Egypt
The West and the World:
A. Western society itself was changing the worldEntered the 3rd phase of expansion that
started with the Crusades, continued with colonial empires
B. Hardly any corner of the world was left untouched
Leading European nations established far-flung political empires
C. 1880s: “New Imperialism”- capstone of underlying economic/political process
I. Industrialization and the World Economy:
A. Industrial Rev created a growing and dynamic economic systemExtended all over earth
- Some was peaceful (West had products that other places could use)
- Some used European military to for non-Western nations to open up for the European
interests
The Rise of Global Inequality:
A. IndRev=turning pointPutting into a global perspective:
- Allowed industrialized regions of the world to increase wealth and power
Gap between industrialized/non nations
Became built into the structure of world economy”lopsided world”
B. “Developed” regions: E&W Europe, NA, Japan; “Third World”- Africa, Asia, Latin America
C. In 1750, average standard of living was not higher in Europe than everywhere else
- GB was the richest nation (2x as much wealth than any other non-Western land)
1970: Average income 20x that of non-Western lands (Africa, Asia)
D. Industrialization opened gaps in average wealth and well-being
- GB was in the lead, but the gap shrunk as other nations successfully industrialized
E. Income in Third World regions stagnatedOnly made progress after 1945
F. Rise of differences led to debateSome say that the West used its science, tech,
organization to make wealth; some say it used their power to stead it
- Wealth creating potential of technological improvement was great
Still, breakthroughs depended on GB’s use of political force to dominate
The World Market:
A. 19th Century: Commerce was huge developer of economic development
Trade took off after 1840 (1913- $38billion- 25x 1800)
- Enormous increase in international commerce showed growth of interlocking economy
B. GB used trade to tie the world togetherUsed colonial empire and technological
breakthroughs to manufacture cotton textiles, iron, other things quickly and cheap
Outstripped domestic demandSearch for other markets (EX. Cotton to India)
- Tariffs caused GB to start shipping elsewhere (India- British Colony)
C. After repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, GB became best marketAll good entered freely
D. Growth of trade facilitated by conquest of distance: Railroads- reduced cost, called for new
skills, means of settling land (America)
E. Steam power revolutionized transportationRobert Fulton’s steamboat in NY
- Steam came to replace sails on boats; steel came to replace iron (lighter, cheaper)
Lowered prices for passengers and freight; Went all over the world with goods
F. Revolution of transportation opened up new territories and made more agricultural products
and raw materials (Refrigerated railway cars to ship meat; Raw materials from Asia/Africa)
G. Suez and Panama Canals, modern port facilitiesFaster, cheaper loading/unloading
H. Growth of trade stimulated foreign investments from 1840By 1914, $40 billion
- GB, France and Germany (later US)The wealth gap allowed the wealthy to send more
- About ¾ went to other European nations, US, Canata, Austrialia, Latin America
Lending money for railroads meant cheap food and raw materials
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- Victimes were native American Indians, AboriginalsDisease, liquor, weapons
The Opening of China and Japan:
A. Europe’s development of NA, Australia, Latin America absorbed huge amounts of goods,
investments, migrantsmost important aspect of Europe’s thrust
Helped the people that the Europeans were involved withincreased their trade, profit
- Willing to use force, if necessary, to attain what it wantedEX. China, Japan
B. China had been self-sufficient: sent more things to Europe than it received
- China only accepted pure silver (didn’t want European currency)
- European trade was carefully regulated by gvt: Qing/Manchu Dynasty wanted isolation
- Forbidden to interact with “inferior” European states, do anything that would take away
from the Chinese economy (All foreign merchants had to live in Canton)
C. Merchants in Canton had to accept the systemBy the 1820s, British were done
- Able to take advantage of the Chinese demand for Opiumsmuggled in, bribes
Greed among British merchants increased
*1836: British merchants wanted an independent British colony in Canton
D. Qing dynasty wanted to stamp out the opium tradeWas hurting the empire
- Send Lin Tse-hsu to Canton: ordered foreign merchants to obey Chinese laws
British merchants refused, expelledWar broke out
E. British sent troops from India and occupied sever coastal citiesChina surrendered
- Treaty of Nanking (1842): Imperial gvt forced to cede Hong Kong, pay $100 million, open
4 big cities to foreign trade with low tariffs
Opium trade flourished, Hong Kong became an Anglo-Chinese area
- China allowed foreign diplomats in Beijing (capital)
F. Second attacks between 1856-1860: Occupation of Beijing by 17k British/French troops
Harsh treaties: European merchants got more privileges, protectionForeign ideas
G. Japan had its own distinctive civilization, less use for Westerners
- 16th Century: European traders come to Japan1640- Japan wants them out
Japan sealed off country to preserve cultureEffect for 200 years (ships start coming)
- 1825: Japanese officials ordered to drive away foreign ships at any cost
H. Japan’s isolation seemed barbaric: Complicated problems of shipwrecked sailors
- Killed hope of trade and profit; Americans wanted to play a role European society too
- US wanted Japan to share ports and be “civilized”
I. Commodore Matthew Perry went into Edo Bay (1853): Demanded negotiations with
emperorConfusionSigned a treaty with the US that allowed trade in 2 ports
More treaties came over 5 years (America had been able to Open China)
Western Penetration of Egypt:
A. Egypt represents power of expanding European economy and appeal in non-Western land
- New model of formal political controlCame to be applied in Africa/Asia after 1882
B. Egypt had been ruled by foreigners since 525BC (latest- Ottoman Turks)
- Napoleon Bonaparte invaded in 1798, occupied territory, left after 3 years
Albanian born, Turkish general, Muhammad Ali stepped in
C. Muhammad Ali: Got rid of political rivals, started to build his own stateBIG army
- Drafted the illiterate, peasant masses of Egypt; hired French/Italian army officers to train
- reform of government, cultivation of new lands, improved communication
Established strong and independent Egyptian state, ruled by his hereditary family
D. Ali’s policies attracted EuropeansAlexandra-50k Europeans in 1864
E. Ali encouraged growth of agricultureWith the newfound opportunity, family members
started gaining huge pieces of landmade peasants tenants, forced them to work
F. Grandson Ismail: 16 year rule (1863-1879) as “khedive” (prince)
- Westernizing autocrat (French education)
- Irrigation to increase cotton productionForming of the Suez Canal
- Replacement of the Turkish language with Arabic; More modern city of Cairo
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G. Ismail was too impatientProjects were too expensive, sale of stock in Suez Canal didn’t
helpBy 1867, Egypt owed much money that it couldn’t pay
- France and GB stepped in to protect bondholdersGot Ismail to allow French/British
finance commissioners*Direct political control by Europe
Europeans were going to determine the state budget (Basically rule Egypt)
H. Violent nationalistic reaction among Egyptian religious leaders
- 1879: Under Colonel Ahmed Arabi- Egyptian Nationalist party formedForced Ismail to
abdicate for his weak son TewfiqLed to bloody riots
More revolts when British fleet bombarded AlexandriaPut down, British occupied fully
I. British claimed temporary occupationRemained until 1956
- Khedive was used as a puppet; still had tax reform, somewhat better peasant conditions
J. British rule of Egypt is new modelExpansion based on military force
The Example of Japan:
A. When Matthew Perry arrived in 1853, Japan was a complex feudal society
- Emperor at topShogun (hereditary military governor- real power)
- Used warrior nobility (samurai)governed a hard working, productive country
Humiliated when the Americans got the unfair treaties
B. Foreign diplomats start to settleSamurai react with fave of terrorism and assassinations
- Allied fleet of American, British, Dutch, French warships demolished key forts, further
weakening the power of the shogun
C. 1867: Meiji Restoration: Coalition led by samurai seized gvt control and restore political
power of emperor
- Immediate goal: Meet foreign threatflexible leaders dropped antiforeign attacks
Initiated series of measures to reform Japan (convinced that W. society was better)
- Wanted to catch up with the West
D. 1871: Abolishment of old feudal structureDeclared social equality (France)
- Free, government stimulated economyRailroads, factories
E. Powerful State: Creation of a powerful modern navy organized along European lines
- Put down rebellions, used in 1877 to crush a major rebellion
- Borrowed science and technology; medicine, education
F. 18980: More focus on keeping Japanese traditionRejected democracy (vast power for
emperor)
- Copied Western imperialismcemented the nation together: Opened Korea and then
beat China is a war over Korea in 1894, 1895, took Formosa (Taiwan)
Competed with European nations for territory in China (Manchuria)Attacked the
Russians in 1904 and won
- 1910: Annexation of KoreaJapan was a major imperial power
G. Used nationalism to transform itself and meet challenges of Western expansion
- Modern nation could defeat Western powersInspiration to China…
Toward Revolution in China:
A. 1860: Qing dynasty on verge of Collapse after 200 yearsCouldn’t repel foreigners
Able to make a surprising comeback, last for 30 more years
B. Traditional ruling groups made new effective leadershipQuelled disturbances (Tai Ping
Rebellion); Tzu His- powerful Empress Dowager ruled effective
C. Lessening of destructive foreign aggressionEuropeans had gotten economic relations
- Foreigners even helped: Irishman fixed cusons office; Americans strengthened central
governmentMaintain Chinese values, adopt some aspects of Western Governments
D. Efforts collapsed under blows from Japanese Imperialism
- Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 and harsh peace treaty hurt China
- Possible that European nations were going to divide China amongst themselves
E. Like Meiji leaders, saw salvation in Western institutions
- 1898: Hundred Days Reform: meet foreign challenge
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- Sun Yat-Sen- former peasant, wanted to overthrow dynasty altogether, est. republic
F. Some traditionalists returned to ancient practices- hatred of “foreign devils”
- Conservatives clashed with them
- Secret societies rebelled (“Boxers”)Imperialism was swift- Peking was occupied by
foreign armies
G. After Boxer Rebellion more troubled:
- Prestige of Qing dynasty declined
- 1912: Qing dynasty overthrown
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