ER 200 Midterm Review – Lecture Slides
[5] Energy for 'the South' I: Energy Transitions and National Development – 9/11
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DALY: Disability Adjusted Life-Year
About 2 TOE/capita/year correlate with benefits of modern technology
Poverty & Development: Debt is huge, global trading system unfairly benefits
rich countries
Household energy needs: 500 kWh thermal, 300 kWh electric (annual, per capita)
Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development: more talk than action
Human Development Index: Alternative to GDP, measures well being instead of
monetary wealth
IPAT: Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology
[6] Energy for 'the South' II: Household and Gender – 9/13
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Sources of household energy: lots of biomass
Improved cookstoves: first to lower fuel consumption, eventually to improve
health
"Fuel wood gap" fallacy: Cooking fires do not drive deforestation
Air pollution exposure: Developing > Industrialized; Rural > Urban
Air pollution leading cause of mortality
Air pollution leading cause of disease (measured by DALY)
"Energy Ladder" fallacy: people don't just use the next stage of advanced fuels
Charcoal worse for forests & GHGs than wood
Gender, Age, & health: Women & children worst hit by air pollution
Improved cookstoves & charcoal improve health
[7] Energy Toolkit III: Energy Thermodynamics – 9/10/07
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1st law of thermodynamics
Energy and power balance for power plant
Parts of power plant
Heat engine
Forms of energy for heat engine
1st law efficiency
2nd law of thermodynamics
Carnot efficiency
2nd law efficiency
Comparison of efficiencies
Brayton cycle diagram
Carnot cycle diagrams
[8] Hydrocarbon Man – 9/17/07
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Products of 100 barrels of crude
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54-57
Who has the oil?
Graph of real oil prices & major events
Exponential resource consumption
Hubbert’s curve
Oil production in lower 48
Impacts of oil peaking
Growth in consumption
Decline in discoveries, peaking nations
GHG emissions & production potential for hydrocarbons (Brandt and Farrell)
Fossil fuel alternatives to conventional oil
[9] Intro to Power Plants – 9/25/07
Slides 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 26
[10] Modern Power Plants and Emissions – 9/27/07
Slides 2, 3, 4, 12, 13-16, 18, 22
[11] Energy Toolkit VI: Energy Economics – 10/2/07
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Costs of electricity generation; compares costs of different sources over lifetime
of plants...showing need to amortize costs to make renewables competitive.
Question: how would carbon tax change this graph?
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Basic Questions about cost of energy, efficiency...
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The Learning Curve for different energy technologies, showing decrease in cost
(at different rates) as technologies develop.
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Learning Curves compared (log scale). Nice straight lines whose slopes give the
rate of cost decrease over time. Rule of Thumb:? Every time capacity of e.g. wind
is doubled, price drops 20%. As the pace of improvement slows this price drop
also slows, e.g. gas turbine improvements dropped off so the slope of the line
levels off (to 10%). Wind, PV seem to follow same pattern, like computer
processing units (Moore's Law).
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graph showing an exception, during the Depression, when elec. prices rose despite
steady improvements and increase in capacity...
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Learning Curve Formulas (cost, volume, progress ratio, etc.)
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calculating Simple Payback
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Intro to Discount Rate
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Calculating present and future value
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Calculating uniform series amounts
24/25 profits and present value
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exponential examples...interest and discount rates
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Capital recovery factor
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Net Present Value
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Summary of definitions
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example calculating cost per kwh for natural gas plant. Shows how increase in 1st
law efficiency translates directly to money saved
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Light bulb comparison: If savings are so obvious why doesn't everyone buy the
efficient technology?
[12] Evolution of the U.S. Electricity Industry Lecture – 10/4/07
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Outline
electricity and progress, marketing in early 20th century
graph showing leveling off of turbine efficiency starting in 1960s
graph: power plant size projected evolution, vs actual path
graph: very different projections of us demand for electricity
graph: decline in avg adjusted electricity price over last 100 years
technological stasis
graph: us investment in energy R and D
PURPA
state renewables targets/mandates
[13] Life-Cycle Assessment – 10/9/07
From Rubin, Chapter 7:
Steps in LCA
-Construct a flow diagram: major categories of interest and define scope of study
-Impact analysis
-Improvement analysis
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what are the four steps in life-cycle assessment.
Construct a flow diagram and raw materials acquisition
Manufacturing
Use/Reuse/Maintanance (User related)
Recycle/Waste management
Why use LCA?
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
All used for interpretation
How to practice LCA
Determine material intensity/environmental impact of a product through entire
life-cycle
Include inputs and environmental outputs
Types of LCA?
Product Based LCA
*Economic Input Output analysis-based LCA – we do this
Input (raw materials, energy), output (emission and waste)
Set boundary at the entire economy, includes direct and indirect economic inputs
Environmental impact factor: E = (1-D)-1F
Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
Classification, Characterization, Evaluation
Example: Glen Canyon Dam – CO2 production over the entire life cycle
[14] Energy Efficiency – 10/11/07
Why Energy Efficiency: increasing energy demand will require many new powerplants –
(California mainly uses natural gas for electric generation and industrial use)
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Energy developments
Megawatts versus Negawatts – make more electricity (megawatts) or cut
electricity usage through energy efficiency (negawatts). A negawatt (cost of saving
energy) is smaller than a megawatt (cost of buying energy)
Real-time pricing: users are charge based on the cost of generating electricity
when they use it, not a flat rate for electricity. Users charged more money for using
electricity at mid-day than in nighttime.
Distributed generation: includes pulling alternative energy producers like solar
(from people’s rooftops) into the grid to provide additional load on the grid during peak
times.
Performance contracts: In the future, hopefully contracts will be won based on
overall lower price over time (by using energy-efficient lighting and heating), as opposed
to the lowest possible upfront price (that use cheap inefficient technology that is more
costly over time). Build green buildings.
Amory Lovins includes energy efficiency in his soft path: deviate from the hard
path and slow increase of energy usage through alternative methods
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Art Rosenberg shows the value of energy efficiency by comparing the energy
usage grow rate with (1.2%) and without (5%) energy efficiency
Compares energy cost for CFL and incandescent lightbulb
Good example of the cost of lighting and discounting using CRF
good calculation slide for calculating cost
good calculation showing the cost of saving energy ($0.05/kWh)
Cost of Conserved Energy
A nice graph showing the cost of each kWh saved compared to the cost of buying
a kWh. It also breaks out the quantity of energy that can be saved by replacing
each technology in the entire economy.
This graph shows the cost of saving every barrel of oil by upgrading each
technology by an energy-efficient way. A negative value comes less military
spending in Iraq, etc.
Electricity use of freezers and refrigerators in US: shows the energy saved by
implementing refrigerator standards. Notice the amount of energy saved is
equivalent to the 3 gorges dam energy output.
[15] Markets, Regulators, and Politics in the CA Electricity Crisis – 10/16/07
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crisis time line overview
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time line explanation
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15-19
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23-28
31-33
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useful acronyms
dan's highlights of crisis causes
Enron
crisis outcomes (24 and 28 in particular)
crisis outcomes (31 and 32 in particular)
overview of WSCC
future natural gas commitments
history of policies favoring renewables
[24] Energy & Environmental Justice – 11/20/07