CROSSWHITE 1
I. Kingdom Protista; protist = (Greek) the very first; 80,000+ described spp.
A. eukaryotes- appear 1.5 billion years ago; 1st metazoans appear .75
million years ago
B. unicellular; some colonial (e.g. Volvox)
C. diverse group of animal & plant like forms
D. Protozoa- a loose assemblage of taxonomic groups; a heterogeneous
assemblage of single-celled organisms that occur wherever moisture is
present.
E. plasma membrane and associated organelles:
1. plasma membrane- phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
(strength, transport, & receptors)
2. cytoplasm- (endoplasm & ectoplasm)
3. flagella- whip like structure made of microtubules; arises from the
basal membrane
4. cilia5. pseudopodia- contractile proteins; cytoplasmic streaming
F. nutrition:
1. heterotrophs & autotrophs
2. food
3. phagocytosis & pinocytosis
G. reproduction & life cycles
1. binary fission
2. schizogony- multiple fission
3. sexual reproduction
4. encystment
CROSSWHITE 2
II. Flagellated Protozoa: Mastigophora; 6900 spp.; free swimming, sessile, &
colonial forms
A. phylum Dinophyta (dinoflagellates); ~2000 spp.; fresh water & marine
1. chlorophyll a & xanthophyll
2. theca- thickened pellicle
3. bioluminescence
4. symbionts w/ corals
5. red tides
B. phylum Euglenophyta
1. marine & freshwater forms
2. Euglena; Peranema
C. phylum Chlorophyta
1. marine & freshwater forms
2. Clamydomonas; Volvox
D. phylum Choanoflagellida
1. marine & freshwater forms
2. collar of microvilli
3. solitary & colonial forms
4. closest relative of metazoans
E. phylum Kinetoplastida
1. important parasites
2. Trypanosoma
a. Chagass disease- transmitted by hemipteran bugs
b. African Trypanosomiasis: sleeping sickness
1. western and central Africa
2. chronic infection
3. effects horses, cattle, sheep, humans & antelope, &
swine
F. multiflagellated protozoa:
1. Giardia2. Trichomonas vaginalis- widespread venereal disease infecting the
human urogenital tract
3. Trichonympha & Mixotricha
a. thousands of flagella
b. inhabit the gut of termites & wood eating cockroaches
CROSSWHITE 3
III. Ameboid Protozoa: Sarcodina
A. marine, freshwater, & terrestrial forms; entirely heterotrophic & some
endoparasites
B. pseudopodia- prey capture & locomotion
C. phylum Rrhizopodia: amoebas
1. naked & shelled forms w/ test
2. lobopodia -vs- filopodia
3. foraminiferans- forams w/ reticulopodia
a. mostly marine
b. many w/ multichambered shells
c. mostly benthic
D. phylum Actinopoda: heliozoans (fresh water) & radiolarians (marine)
1. axiopodia- needle-like pseudopodia
2. adhesive cytoplasm
3. naked or w/ spiny skeleton of silica
4. shells of dead are a primary constituent of many ocean sediments
IV. Apicomplexa ~ 4000 spp.
A. endoparasites of vertebrates & inverts
B. lack cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia
C. complicated life cycle w/ sexual & asexual phases; Fig. 2-32
D. Plasmodium- transmitted by Anopheles mosquito; malaria
V. Ciliophora ~ 7200 spp.; largest & most homogeneous protozoan phylum
A. fresh water & marine
B. free living, ecto-, endoparasites; sessile & colonial forms
C. two types of nuclei
1. macronucleus- metabolism
2. micronucleus- reproductive
D. pellicle & trichocysts
E. cytostome & specilization of buccal ciliature