Greenhouse Biology Semester Exam Review
I. Life characteristics and Processes in Plants
1. What characteristics are common to all living things?
All of Carsmog – Made of cells, Adapt, Reproduce, Stimulus/Response, Metabolism,
Organization, Growth
2. How would you determine if something is living or non-living?
It must follow all sections of CARSMOG
3. Name the life process (STERNGRR) that relates to the statements below.
Regulation or Transport A. Materials moving into and out of cells.
Nutrition
B. This life process can be autotrophic in some organisms and
heterotrophic in others.
Synthesis
C. Cellulose (found in cell walls) is formed by the chemical
bonding of glucose molecules.
Growth
D. A seedling becomes a tree.
4. Which life process is represented by the diagram below?
Transport – Notice arrows moving materials through the cell.
II. Safety and the Scientific Method
1. List the steps that scientists use to solve problems.
SM – Observe, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, conclude (may include more steps)
2. What is a hypothesis?
A testable explanation of an observation.
3. What is a control in an experiment? Give an example.
The situation where nothing is changed. It is used as a comparison. Ex: white light is
used as a control when testing what colors of light grow the best plants.
4. What is a variable in scientific experiment?
Anything that is being changed. Can be the change in the beginning *IV* or the end
*DV*
III. Plant Structures and Functions
1. What is the function of root hairs?
To increase the amount of surface area available for osmosis
2. Is xylem found in roots, stems or leaves? Explain your answer.
Found in all three – xylem transports water and water is necessary for all three
parts.
3. Trace a drop of water from the ground through a plant back to the
atmosphere.
Water goes into the root, through the stem and into the leaf. Then it moves out of
the leaf through transpiration
4. What is transpiration? - Water loss in a plant due to evaporation through
the stoma
IV. Cell Structures and Function
Complete the chart
Organelle
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Function
Protect and provide structure to the cell (plants and
prokaryotes only)
Regulate what goes in and out of cell
Protein synthesis (makes protein)
Storage of food, water or waste
Contains DNA and controls cell functions
Site of photosynthesis – makes sugar from light, water, and
carbon dioxide
Site of respiration – makes energy (ATP) from sugar and
oxygen
1. Which of the above organelles are only found in plant cells?
Chloroplasts and cell wall (large central vacuole)
2, Describe the structure of the cell wall.
Made of cellulose which is made of many glucose molecules. Rigid structure
3. What are the two major components of the cell membrane?
Proteins and lipids
4. How are plant cells different from other types of cells?
They contain chloroplasts and a cell wall
5. This is an enlargement of which cell organelle? What are the components?
Plasma membrane made of lipids and proteins
6. What does it mean to be semi-permeable?
Some things are allowed in, but not all things
7. Label the plant cell below with the following structures: chloroplasts, vacuoles,
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus.
8. Which structures indicate that this is a plant cell?
Chloroplasts and cell wall
9. Arrange the following terms from the smallest to the largest.
Organs, cells, organ systems, tissues
Cells  Tissues  Organs  organ system
10. In what ways are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotes
do not have a nucleus and eukaryotes do have a nucleus
11. What is the meaning of the term “membrane-bound organelles”? Organelles that
are enclosed in their own membrane like the mitochondria or chloroplast
12. Label the structures below. Give functions of the following structures: nucleus,
vacuole, cell membrane, mitochondrion. What structures (or lack of structures)
tell you that this is an animal cell? Why is this considered a eukaryotic rather
than a prokaryotic cell? The cell does not have a chloroplast or cell wall and
cannot be a plant. It must be eukaryotic because it has a nucleus. It also contains
centrioles, which confirm that it is an animal.
Check your notebook to label
Microscope Review PH Biology pp 1070-1071
Think about it!
1. Label the following parts of the microscope: eyepiece (ocular), coarse
adjustment, fine adjustment, stage, stage clips, light source, base, arm,
nosepiece, diaphragm.
Check your notebook to label
2. If the ocular lens magnifies by a power of 10x and the objective lens magnifies
by a power of 40x, what is the total magnification of the object on the stage?
400X
3. How do you make a wet mount? Place the specimen on a slide and add a
droplet of water. Cover with a slide cover dropped at an angle to reduce air
bubbles.
V. Photosynthesis/Respiration
1. Give the formula for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
2. Give the formula for respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
3. Explain the relationship between the two processes.
They are opposites of one another
4. What organisms undergo photosynthesis?
Plants
5. Where does this process occur?
Chloroplasts
6. What organisms undergo cellular respiration?
All living things
7. Where does this process occur?
The mitochondria
8. Examine the diagram below. What gas is present in the bubbles from the setup
in the light? Why? Oxygen is in the bubbles with light
9. Why are there no bubbles in the dark?
Photosynthesis doesn’t happen in the dark
10. What processes are represented by A and B
A= Respiration
B = Photosynthesis
11. Examine the leaf diagram in your notebook to answer the following: ( PH page
596)
a. What is the function of the cuticle? To protect the leaf with waterproof
coloring
b. Where are most chloroplasts found? – the outer portion of a plant cell
c. Where would most photosynthesis occur? Toward the outer layers of the
leaf
d. What does xylem do? Carries water throughout plant
e. What does phloem do? Carries sugar throughout plant
f. What is the purpose of the stomates? To open and close to allow gas
exchange
g. Describe how water and carbon dioxide enter a leaf? Water enters through
the roots and goes through xylem to the leaf. Carbon dioxide enters through the
stoma.
13.
Put the following terms in order to show how water enters and leaves a plant.
Stomate, root hair, xylem, leaf
Root hair, xylem, leaf, stomate
16. Complete the table to compare the bioenergetic reactions below:
Process
Anaerobic respiration (no
O2)
Aerobic respiration uses
O2
Photosynthesis
Where in the cell it takes
place
Cytoplasm
What types of organisms
utilize this process
Yeast, muscle cells
Mitochondria
All living things
Chloroplast
Plants
14. List some factors that will affect photosynthesis in the following diagram:
All four factors that affect photosynthesis:
Light intensity, Temperature, Water Availability, Carbon Dioxide Availability
15. Which bioenergetic reaction is illustrated below:
Aerobic Respiration
16. List some factors that will affect anaerobic respiration in the following diagram:
Factors – amount of sugar available and
temperature of water
What are the bubbles? Carbon Dioxide
VI. Biochemistry
1. Gastric juice (the liquid in your stomach) can have a pH of less than 3. Would
this be an acid or base? Strong or weak? Strong Acid
2. Human blood generally has a pH of about 7.5. Would this be an acid or base?
Strong or weak? Weak Base
3. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula
labeled (1)? Triglyceride (Lipid)
4. What is the function of (1) in living things? Long term energy, chemical
messengers, cell membranes
5. What is the monomer unit of (1)? Glycerol and fatty acids
6. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula
labeled (2)? Glucose (carbohydrate)
7. What is the function of (2) in living things? Short Term Energy
8. What is the monomer unit of (2)? Glucose
9. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula
labeled (3)? Amino Acid (Protein)
10. What is the function of (3) in living things? Structural, Speed up chemical
reactions etc.
11. What is the monomer unit of (3)? Amino Acid
12. Draw a nucleotide. (Hint: see figure 2-15 in your textbook.)
13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things? To store and transmit
hereditary information
14. A student looks at two chemical formulas for substances found in living
things. One formula is NaCl while the other is C6H12O6. Which formula is of
an inorganic substance? NaCl Which formula is of an organic substance?
C6H12O6
15. Draw and label an enzyme with its substrate. Check your enzyme flip flop for
a reaction to draw!
16. Look at figure 2-20. How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?By lowering
activation energy needed to start the reaction.
17. Think about the Enzyme Lab that you completed. What caused the enzyme
to denature (that is, break down so that it was not effective anymore)? A
change in temperature or pH. Both changed our enzyme effectiveness!
18. Proteins are broken down in your stomach by an enzyme called pepsin. The
pH must be very low (very acidic) in order for pepsin to work. What might
happen if a person took too many antacids (pills to reduce acid in the
stomach)? Your body would be unable to digest the protein and you would
be very sick.
IX. Cell Transport
Review: PH Biology pp 182-189
Think about it!
A selectively permeable membrane is a placed at the center of a U-tube filled with a
salt solution. Salt is not able to pass through the membrane while the water is able
to pass through the membrane. Side A contains a 20% salt solution while side B
contains a 10% salt solution.
1. Create a diagram to show this situation. At equilibrium, what percentage of salt
will be on each side?
This is slightly different with higher concentration on side B,
but the concept is the same. Water will diffuse to the side with more salt until equilibrium
is reached. Each side should have a 15% salt concentration.
2. Will the level of solution in each side of the tube in question #1 be equal? Why
or why not? The water level changes because water moves through the
membrane to achieve equilibrium
3. Why would moving sodium ions from an area of low concentration outside the
cell to an area of high concentration inside the cell require active transport
(energy to transport the ion across the membrane)? They are moving against the
concentration gradient which requires energy
4. A teacher demonstrates the rate that food coloring diffuses in water at various
temperatures. If he uses cold water, water at room temperature and hot water,
in which temperature of water will the food coloring diffuse the fastest? Create a
graph to show how the rate of diffusion of the food coloring varies with
temperature. Coloring will diffuse in hot water fastest because the molecules of
the hot water are moving much faster. Draw a simple line graph.
5. Why might an animal cell burst if put into distilled water? What might happen if
it is put into a strong salt solution? In fresh water, the cell will take on too much
water because water is more concentrated outside of the cell. In salt water, there
will be more water inside the cell and the cell will shrink.
6. What might happen to the size of a plant cell if it is put into distilled water? What
might happen if it is put into a strong salt solution? In fresh water, the cell will
get bigger because water is more concentrated outside of the cell. In salt water,
there will be more water inside the cell and the cell will shrink.
X. DNA & Biotechnology
1. Draw and label the monomer unit of DNA.
2. What is the function of DNA? To store and pass down hereditary information
which codes for proteins.
3. If the base sequence on a DNA strand was CCTAGG, what would be the mRNA
complementary sequence? GGAUCC
4. What could be the result of changing just one base in a DNA sequence? A point
mutation
5. Name and describe the process shown below:
Translation is happening. I know because tRNA is involved. Transcription happens
in the nucleus and only includes DNA and mRNA.
6. Where does protein synthesis take place? Ribosome
7. How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis? It takes the gene from the nucleus
(where it is coded in DNA) to the ribosome
8. How is tRNA involved in protein synthesis It translates the gene code from
mRNA to amino acids by carrying the right amino acid to the ribosome.
9. Identify the nucleotide, which is the monomer of nucleic acids? Skip
10.
11. What is occurring in the process above? Protein Synthesis – Both transcription
and translation are shown
12. Identify each labeled structure:
1 _mRNA
2 tRNA
3 amino acid
4 Ribosome