FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY
Basic Chemical Concepts
To review atomic structure Go to: http://www.makemegenius.com/video_play.php?id=139&type=0
____________-the smallest unit of an element that can combine chemically with other elements
Structure
Proton
____________ charged
Neutron
____________ charged
Electron
____________ charged
Electrons exist in distinct ____________ clouds
Protons and neutrons are the same _______ and make up the nucleus
Identification
____________ ____________: number of protons
Atomic mass number: number of ____________+ neutrons
Atoms are organized into ____________ in the periodic table Go to: http://www.ptable.com to fill in the blanks Element
Symbol
C
Atomic
number
Atomic
mass
# protons
#electrons
type of
element
#neutrons
0
27
19
Argon
8
58.845
17
halogen
Atomic Configurations
EG Lithium
Draw the atomic configuration for the following elements:
K
Cl
O
Ne
1 Isotopes. Google the term isotope. Fill in the blanks.
Two atoms with the same _____________ number but different atomic mass numbers
Differ only in the number of _____________
Some are _____________ (radioisotopes)
EG Isotopes of hydrogen
H-1 has a mass number of 1 and no neutrons
H-2 has a mass number of 2 and only one neutron
H-3 has a mass number of 3 and two neutrons
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3eGLevyIGE
and identify the following isotopes. How many neutrons are found in each isotope?
C-12 ________________________________________________________________________________
C-14 ________________________________________________________________________________
Compound -a combination of two or more ______________ that are joined chemically
Chemical bonding
Ionic: when an atom will either give or take an ____________ from another atom
____________: positive ion
Anion: ____________ion
____________ forces hold the atoms together
Go to: http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/Naming-chemical-compounds.html
Draw the ionic bond between Na and Cl
Covalent: when atoms ____________ electrons
Forms single, ____________ or triple bonds
Sharing of ____________ hold the atoms together
Go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure
Lewis Dot diagrams: draw the valence electrons using the Lewis dot system for the following.
C
H
O
N
Draw the Lewis dot diagram for water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas
2 Go to http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/nonpola.htm and fill in the blanks.
Non-polar covalent bond: ____________ are shared equally
Non-polar compounds are hydrophobic because they do not dissolve in _______
Draw the Lewis dot diagram of methane.
Polar covalent bonds: electrons are not ____________ equally
Polar compounds are ______________ because they do dissolve in water
Draw the Lewis dot diagram of water.
Hydrogen bonds: weak links between the positively charged hydrogen end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
Go to: http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html
Draw hydrogen bonding between six water molecules.
Life on earth is possible because water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
Go to http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o7.htm
and explain how the following properties of water make life on earth possible:
Surface tension
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Capillary action
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Ice floats
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3 High specific heat capacity
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Universal solvent
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Acids and Bases
Go to: http://www.kidsknowit.com/flash/animations/acids-bases.swf and fill in the blanks
____________: a substance that releases a H+ ion in water
____________: a substance that releases an OH- ion in water
pH scale
A method of determining how ___________ or basic a solution is
Measures the _______________ of H+ ions in a solution
Negative logarithmic scale: 0 to 14
A basic solution with a H+ ion concentration of 1 X 10 -8 has a pH of 8
An acidic solution with a H+ ion concentration of 1 X 10 -4 has a pH of ____
A neutral solution with a H+ ion concentration of _________ has a pH of 7
Go to: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/PH_Scale and determine the pH of the following:
Blood
Gastric fluid
Seawater
pH
_________
_________
_________ What is the H+ ion concentration of seawater? _________
Buffer: naturally occurring substance that limits the change of ______
__________ H+ ions if the surrounding environment becomes too acidic
__________ H+ ions if the surrounding environment becomes too basic
Basic chemical reactions
Go to: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13004
Identify the four types of reactions
____________: two or more atoms or molecules are combined
____________: molecules are broken down into simpler forms
____________: involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions
____________: chemical bonds are broken or made depending on what’s needed.
4 Identify the type of reaction and balance the equation of the following reactions.
Type of reaction
Balanced equation

___________________________
H2 O
___________________________
C6H12O6 +
H2
+ O2
O2

CO2
+ H2 O
___________________________ HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl
Go to:
http://kisdwebs.katyisd.org/campuses/MRHS/teacherweb/hallk/Teacher%20Documents/AP%20Biology%
20Materials/Chemistry%20of%20Life/Redox%20Reactions/02_A01s.swf to learn about redox reactions.
Redox reactions occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration
____________ GER
The addition of electrons to a molecule
____________ LEO
The removal of electrons from a molecule
Oxidized atoms are more ____________ than reduced atoms
Energy and its Changes
Go to: http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_rhino.html and fill in the blanks
Kinetic energy: energy of ____________
_________ energy: energy of position (stored energy)
Kinetic and potential energy are ___________
Go to:
https://smartsite.ucdavis.edu/access/content/user/00002950/bis10v/media/ch04/energy_changes.html and fill in the blanks
Energy in chemical reactions
Exergonic: reactions which ____________ energy
Endergonic: reactions that require ________________
Identify the following reactions as either exergonic or endergonic.
A + B 
AB
+ energy
CD + energy  C + D
_____________________
______________________ 5 Go to: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/activation_energy.aspx
What is activation energy?
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Draw a graph that shows the activation energy of hypothetical chemical reaction.
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