Skeletal System, Bones and
Joints
Articulations
Slide 2.1
Articulations or Joints
• Where 2 bones attach
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Joints may be classified:
• Functionally
• Structurally
Slide 5.43
Structural Classification of Joints
• Fibrous joints
• Collagenous fibers
• Cartilaginous joints
• Hyaline or fibrous cartilage
• Synovial joints
• Fluid-filled cavity lined with membrane
Slide 5.45
Functional Classification of Joints
• Synarthrosis – immovable joint,usually
fibrous
• Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
joint, usually cartilaginous
• Diarthrosis – freely movable joint,
usually synovial
Slide 5.44
Fibrous Joints
• Bones united by fibrous tissue
• Examples
• Sutures
Figure 5.27d, e
Slide 5.46
Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
• Intervertebral
joints
• Pubic
symphysis
Figure 5.27b, c
Slide 5.47
Synovial Joints
• Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
• Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Slide 5.48
Features of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
• Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
Slide 5.49
Features of Synovial Joints
• Articular
cartilage
• Articular
capsule
• Synovial fluid
• Ligaments
Fig. 6.38
Slide 5.49
Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
• Bursa – flattened fibrous sac
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Slide 5.50
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
Slide 5.51
Types of Synovial Joints
Figure 5.29a–c
Slide 5.52a
Types of Synovial Joints
Figure 5.29d–f
Slide 5.52b
Inflammatory Conditions Associated
with Joints: FYI
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Slide 5.53
Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
• Often leads to deformities
Slide 5.54a
Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI
• Rheumatoid arthritis:
• A) superficial view
• B) color-enhanced x-ray
Slide 5.54a
Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI
• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
• Genetic pre-disposition
• Can usually be controlled with diet,
medication
Slide 5.54b