Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Lone pair of electrons
Hydrogen atom
Negative pole
Negative pole
+
+
+
Positive pole
WATER
H20
Polar
Charges shared equally
+
+
Positive pole
AMMONIA
NH3
Polar
METHANE
CH4
Nonpolar
Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
Approximate size
of solute particles
Solute particles
settle
no
0.01 - 1.0 nm
no
colloids
1.0 - 1000 nm
no
1000 nm
with time
V
solutions
suspensions
Can be separated
by filtering
no
yes,
only with special
if transparent
equipment
yes,
yes
if transparent
Mayonnaise
Colloid
The Tyndall effect helps you
tell the difference between
solutions and colloids.
Particles scatter
light
water sample
Suspension
You can remove the particles
in a suspension by filtering.
When a Solute Dissolves in a Solvent
Water added
Na
Cl
H
H Water
O molecule
Water molecules surround atoms in sodium chloride crystal.
Atoms separate into ions.
+ H
+ H
O
–
–
Cl
Na
Water surrounds ions.
Cl
Na
Solubility (g salt/100 mL)
Temperature - Solubility Graph
Temperature-Solubility Graph for Salts
200
O
aN
3
N
150
O3
N
K
100
NaCl
50
0
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
100
Temperature-solubility graphs show how much
substance dissolves at a given temperature.
Concentration
of H30+
100
H30+ increasing
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
pH Scale
Common Substances
0
1
2
3
4
Battery acid
Lemon
juice
Vinegar
pH range
for
acid rain
5
6
7
8
Distilled
water
9
Baking soda
10
11
12
13
14
Normal pH
range of
rain & snow
More
acidic
Neutral
Normal pH
range of streams
Milk of magnesia
Ammonia
Lye
More
basic
The Water Cycle
CONDENSATION
VAPOR TRANSPORT
SUN
H 2O
PRECIPITATION
EVAPORATION
TRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION
PERCOLATION
RIVER
LAKE
LAND AND TREES
GROUNDWATER FLOW
OCEAN
Acid Rain
WIND
NITROGEN & SULFUR OXIDES
MIX WITH WATER VAPOR.
SULFURIC ACID (H 2 SO 4 )
NITRIC ACID (HNO 3 )
COMBINE TO FORM
ACID PRECIPITATION.
CONDENSATION
NITROGEN OXIDES
(NO, NO 2 )
SULFUR DIOXIDE
(SO 2 )
ACID PRECIPITATION
CITY
INDUSTRY
City structures,
Pond
statues and
trees are affected.
Aquatic life is affected.
People are affected.