Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Thur, April 3rd: Highway of Life video clip/ 17.2 notes*/17.1-17.2 SG* Sec. 17.2 KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. Cladistics is classification based on __________ ___________. • ____________ is the evolutionary history for a group of species. – – • classification based on __________ __________ species placed in order that they _____________ from common ancestor A ____________ is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. – – – • shown with _____________ ______ __________ ___________ is a common method to make evolutionary trees. – – • evidence from _________ species, _______ record, and ____________ data A _______ is a group of species that __________ a common ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some _______ with the ____________. Each species in a clade has ______ that have __________. ________ ___________ are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. – basis of arranging species in _____________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 0 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ – – • • more _________ related species share more ________ characters represented on cladogram as ________ ________ _______ represent the most __________ common ancestor of a clade. _________ can be identified by ___________ a branch under a node. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • • • Molecular data may _________ classification based on ___________ similarities. Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a ______ ________________. _____ is usually given the ______ word by scientists. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 1 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 17.1: The Linnaean System of Classification Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy binomial nomenclature taxon genus MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Fill in the Concept Map with details about Linnaean taxonomy. Linnaean taxonomy names classifies 1. groups of __________________ 4. __________________ parts using a system called based on 2. physical __________________ 5. binomial __________________ into groups called which gives each species a 3. __________________ 6. scientific __________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 2 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. Choose the best answer to the question or statement. 7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized? a. based on their physical similarities b. based on their physical differences c. based on their ability to be domesticated d. based on their ability to evolve 8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species. a. The levels move from more specific to more general. b. The levels move from more general to more specific. c. The levels are in order based on how long a species has lived on Earth. d. The levels are organized according to where a species gets food, drink, and air. Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below. The first and last items are done for you. a. kingdom b. c. d. e. f. g. species © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 3 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Choose whether the statement is true or false. 9. true / false When Linnaeus set up his classification system, it was not yet possible for scientists to do molecular or genetic research. 10. true / false Linnaeus’ classification system contains no mistakes. 11. true / false Today, scientists use genetic similarities between species to help classify them as related species, rather than focusing on physical or structural similarities. Vocabulary Check Match each word or phrase with its definition. 12. taxonomy a. the science of naming and classifying organisms 13. binomial nomenclature b. one or more physically similar species thought to be closely related 14. taxon c. a system that gives each species a two-part Latin name 15. genus d. a group of organisms in a classification system © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 4 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 17.2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. VOCABULARY phylogeny cladogram cladistics derived character MAIN IDEA: Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Choose the best answer for the question. 1. What is a phylogeny? a. similar traits that evolve in dissimilar species b. environmental conditions that cause traits to develop c. a classification based on common ancestry d. the evolutionary history for a group of species 2. How can a phylogeny be shown? a. as a branching tree diagram b. as a Venn diagram c. as a mind map d. as a bar graph or chart 3. What is the main goal of cladistics? a. to show how members of different families are related b. to show how members of different species are related c. to show how members of different genera are related d. to show how members of different kingdoms are related © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 5 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued Use the word box below, and refer to Figure 2.2, to label the main features of a cladogram. The first one is done for you. clade node taxon being classified derived character 5. 4. taxon being classified 7. 6. Choose the best answer for the question. 8. What letter does a clade look like on a cladogram? a. the letter W b. the letter N c. the letter V d. the letter K 9. What do the hash marks for the derived characters in a cladogram indicate? a. that organisms below that hash mark all share that characteristic b. that none of the organisms below the hash mark share that characteristic c. that all of the organisms above and below the hash mark share that characteristic d. that none of the organisms anywhere on the cladogram have that characteristic 10. On a cladogram, what is a node? a. a part of the cladogram that is shaped like a letter of the alphabet b. a place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram c. the topmost section of the cladogram d. the lowermost section of the cladogram © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 6 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. Choose whether the statement is true or false. 11. true / false Molecular data always agree with the classification of species based on physical similarities. 12. true / false Once an evolutionary tree is established, it can never be changed. 13. true / false DNA evidence can help scientists to learn how two species are related to each other. 14. true / false The more similar the genes of two species are, the more closely related the species are likely to be. Vocabulary Check Choose the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 15. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means “origin.” From this, it is possible to see that phylogeny refers to a species’ evolutionary history / molecular makeup. 16. The words cladistics and cladogram are both related to the word clade / climb. 17. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in that group do not have, are called identifying / derived characters. 18. Sketch a blank cladogram in the space below and label its parts. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 7 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 8 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 9 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships