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Literature as a Network:
Creative-Writing Scholarship
in Literary Magazines
2.
Harriett E. Green
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Introduction
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abstract: With the increase in undergraduate and graduate programs for creative writing at
institutions of higher education in North America, literary journals and magazines now serve
as leading scholarly publishing outlets and research resources for creative-writing faculty and
students. This study analyzes ten years of citations from nineteen leading print and digital
literary journals to examine the publication frequencies of academically affiliated writers and the
representative strength of such writers in various literary genres. Through the citation analysis,
the study proposes that library support of scholarship for the discipline of creative writing in
literary magazines can be achieved by promoting broader discovery and user access to literary
magazines in library collections and revised collection development strategies to strengthen the
representation of literary journals in academic library collections.
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n 1975, there were 79 degree-granting creative-writing programs in North America.1
Today there are approximately 880 degree-conferring creative-writing programs at
North American colleges and universities. The programs graduate an average of
6,000 newly minted writers every year, according to the Association of Writers & Writing Programs, the professional association for creative-writing programs and authors.2
Additionally, a large majority of the 2,400 English departments in North America offer
courses if not formal programs in creative writing.3 This exponential expansion in the
number of programs in the field has resulted in an increased number of creative-writing
faculty at institutions of higher education, many of whom have promotion and tenure
considerations. As such, these statistics argue for a consideration of the scholarly activities occurring in creative-writing programs: What are faculty, teachers, and students in
creative-writing programs utilizing for curricula? And where are the more than 4,500
portal: Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2014), pp. 217–238.
Copyright © 2014 by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 21218.
218
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creative-writing teachers and faculty members publishing their works to produce scholarship for the discipline?4
The AWP Hallmarks of a Successful MFA Program in Creative Writing notes that for
creative-writing faculty, “Respected venues for publication may reside outside the usual
circle of university journals and presses that publish scholarship and theory.”5 Among
the most prominent of these venues for the publication of creative writing is the literary
magazine.
The most frequently referred definition of the literary magazine or “little magazine”
is drawn from Frederick Hoffman, Charles Allen, and Carolyn Ulrich’s The Little Magazine:
A History and Bibliography, which defines the literary magazine as “a magazine designed
to print artistic work which for reasons of commercial expediency is not acceptable to
the money-minded periodicals or presses.”6
As of 2010, there were 493 members of the
Once considered transitory
Council of Literary Magazines and Presses,
upstarts and publications of last of which 274 were literary magazines and 55
7
resort, online journals are now a members were online publishers. The last
statistic is critical: the Internet and emergence
rapidly expanding and thriving
of digital publishing platforms over the
past two decades have resulted in the birth
branch of literary publishing.
of open online literary journals that have
marked an evolution in literary magazines.
Once considered transitory upstarts and publications of last resort, online journals are
now a rapidly expanding and thriving branch of literary publishing: Many onlineonly journals provide open access to a rich lode of literature written by both emerging
and lauded writers, and print literary journals leverage online platforms to showcase
pieces from print issues, to publish wholly new content, or both.8 This expansion in the
breadth and depth of literary publishing outlets, combined with the rising prominence
of creative writing in academia, urges a renewed look at the role of literary journals and
magazines in scholarship.
This paper analyzes a selection of leading literary journals and magazines to examine the role of literary periodicals in scholarship for the discipline of creative writing.
Through analysis of multiple years of compiled citation data from nineteen print and
digital literary journals and magazines, this study will examine how scholarly publications may appear more frequently than previously known in literary magazines, and
what the publication frequencies reveal about the standings of literary journals as publishing outlets for creative-writing scholars and faculty. This paper aims to ultimately
examine how academic libraries can become more attuned to faculty research agendas
that require publication in literary journals through reconsideration of collection development philosophies for literary magazines and enabling more effective modes of user
access to literary magazines in print and digital forms.
2.
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
Literature Review
The study of disciplinary scholarship as networks of academic communications has
produced a substantial body of literature. Scholarly communications itself has vari-
219
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ous definitions, and Dennis Dillon defines such communications by three factors: the
limited market for the authors’ content; publications for which funding sources are not
principally driven by consumers; and the system of peer review, which “is the basis of
faculty evaluation and is the determinant of the success or failure of an academic career.”9 These criteria can serve as a working definition for this study’s consideration of
literary journals as conduits of scholarly
communications for academic faculty.
Literary journals and magazines,
Studies also have examined the feasibility of journals as a channel of learned however, have largely been absent in
communications, including as a reflec- the dominant analyses of academic
tion of social and intellectual networks
in the sciences and social sciences.10 communications for disciplinary
Digital scholarly communication tools scholarship.
have been explored as well in recent
decades, including the role of electronic
journals in academic communication forums; and the role of e-mail listservs—that is,
electronic mailing lists—and digital resources in the exchange of scholarly information
for disciplines in the social sciences and humanities.11 Literary journals and magazines,
however, have largely been absent in the dominant analyses of academic communications for disciplinary scholarship.
Scholars in sociology, cultural studies, and critical theory have examined the modes
of information production, networks of publication and exchange, and metrics of prestige
and value in literature and the arts. Decades of work by Pierre Bourdieu and others reveal
the complex social issues involved in the role of literary magazines for disciplinary scholarship and creative production. These studies include Alisa Craig and Sébastien Dubois’s
study of the influence of public poetry readings on poets’ careers and economic status,
which explores the scholarly and evaluative networks within which writers operate;
Katherine Giuffre’s examination of social networks of artists and art galleries; and Marc
Verboord’s analysis of prestige in literary works and publications via reference works,
literary prizes, and publishing houses.12 In recent years, several studies have explored
“literature and art informatics,” defined by Stephen Paling as “the interdisciplinary
study of the design, uses and consequences of information technologies that takes into
account their role in the creative efforts of writers and artists to cover the organization
and dissemination of literary and artistic works.”13 While these studies are primarily
focused on the impact of technology on practices in literary publishing, Paling’s studies
of the uses of information technology by editors and literary authors reveal the changing
nature of publication for literary journals and magazines.14
Otherwise, limited library and information science research has addressed the preservation and discoverability of alternative magazines. A few studies have dealt with the
curation and accessibility of e-zines and similar online publications in libraries. Others
have described a metadata schema—a labeling, tagging, or coding system to improve
retrieval of information, such as an index of new literary works.15 And several studies
have examined literary magazine publishing itself, including a study of the sustainability
of leading periodicals and literary magazines, and features in library and information
science journals on literary artists and presses.16
2.
Harriett E. Green
220
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
l1
4.
2.
This body of literature has created a context in which to examine the current representations of the academic community in literary journals, and how their publications
in these magazines relating to a field of academic study influence the role of literary
magazines in library collections. As such, the following analysis of citation data begins
to explore how frequently academically affiliated writers publish their disciplinary
scholarship in literary journals.
ta
Methods
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Data Set
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This study analyzes citations from a selection of nineteen literary journals and magazines,
consisting of seventeen primarily print periodicals and two online-only publications.
For the selection of periodicals in this analysis, a literary journal is defined, in Paling’s
words, as “a serial publication that has an editorial review process and features primarily
literary work, e.g., poetry, fiction, and essays. It may also feature artwork, audio, video,
or multimedia works.”17 Bibliographic citations were compiled for works published in
the following journals from 2000 to 2010: Antioch Review, Callaloo, Chicago Review, Georgia
Review, Hudson Review, Kenyon Review, Literary Review, Massachusetts Review, Michigan
Quarterly Review, North American Review, Paris Review, Ploughshares, Salmagundi, Sewanee
Review, Shenandoah, Southern Humanities Review, and TriQuarterly (through 2009). Citations also were collected from two Web-based literary journals, Blackbird and The Cortland
Review, for works published from 2006 to 2012. Citations for the primarily print literary
journals were downloaded from Thomson Reuters’s Web of Science database index.
Citations for the two Web-based literary journals were gathered and indexed manually
by the author.
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Methodology
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The bibliographic citation data were analyzed for each journal and across the entire
sample set of citation data by works and by authors, specifically:
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• The percentage of total published works by academically affiliated authors compared to those by nonacademic authors;
• The percentage of works by academically affiliated authors as divided by the
four major types of works published in literary journals: poetry, fiction, articles,
and reviews or commentary;
• The percentage of authors with academic affiliations versus nonacademics;
• The percentage of academically affiliated authors published within the categories
of poetry, fiction, articles, and reviews or commentary.
Academically affiliated authors were identified in the data by two methods: For the citations retrieved from Web of Science, the full bibliographic citation reports included an
organization field that listed institutional affiliations for each author where applicable.
Citation reports were also generated for tabulated lists of academic institutions published in each journal, and these lists were analyzed to identify educational institutions
predominantly represented in the journals. For the two digital journals, institutional
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affiliations listed in the authors’ biographical summaries were manually gathered with
the bibliographic citations. Given the differing time periods and disparate number of
records among the seventeen primarily print journals and two online-only journals,
the two sets of citations were analyzed separately and are presented here as separate
analyses before being compared together.
The Web of Science citation records for the primarily print journals provided the
number of works, or “records,” that were published in the journals. Web of Science only
parsed authors by records, and multiple authors for one work were clustered together.
As will be explained in the paper, adjustments in analysis were conducted to account
for this formatting of the data.
2.
Harriett E. Green
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Analysis
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Analysis of Works
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The number of published works by academics can reveal the representative strength
of academically affiliated authors in the literary journals. To assess the representation
of such authors through the works published, the citation data were analyzed per year
and as cumulative averages for
each journal. Per year, the perThe journal with the most consistently
centage of published works by
academically affiliated authors high percentage of works by authors from
varied widely among the print academic institutions was Callaloo.
journals (see Table 1). The journal
with the most consistently high
percentage of works by authors from academic institutions was Callaloo, with at least
40 percent of its published works every year authored by writers who held positions in
higher education. Other journals with notably high publication rates overall for works
by academically affiliated authors were Michigan Quarterly Review, Massachusetts Review,
Shenandoah, and Kenyon Review, which had at least 25 percent of their published works
written by each year by authors who held academic positions. Salmagundi and Southern
Humanities Review also were among the journals with relatively strong representation of
works by academically affiliated authors, with only one year when less than 20 percent
of the works published were by such authors.
The averaged publication rates of works by academically affiliated authors among
the journals produced a similar distribution (see Figure 1). The five journals in the sample
that published the highest average percentage of works by authors holding academic
positions between 2000 and 2010 were Callaloo at an average of 60 percent, Michigan
Quarterly Review at 51 percent, Shenandoah at 45 percent, Salmagundi at 42 percent, and
Kenyon Review at 39 percent. The five journals in the sample with the lowest average
percentages of works by academically affiliated authors were Literary Review and Chicago
Review with averages of 23 percent, North American Review with an average of 19 percent, Paris Review at 16 percent, and Sewanee Review at 13 percent. Yet the majority of the
publications—including Southern Humanities Review, Massachusetts Review, Ploughshares,
and Salmagundi—averaged moderate percentages of works by academically affiliated
authors, with significantly higher publication rates of such authors’ works in some years
and notably lower percentages of works in other years.
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TriQuarterly
Southern Humanities Review
Shenandoah
Sewanee Review
Salmagundi
Ploughshares
Paris Review
North American Review
Michigan Quarterly Review
Massachusetts Review
Literary Review
Kenyon Review
Hudson Review
Georgia Review
Chicago Review
Callaloo
Antioch Review
Year
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2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
12%33% 4% 15% 8% 28%25% 26%34%34% 36%
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15%12%20% 25%27% 10% 5% 24%16%26% 36%
an 32%32% 32%39% 32%38%50% 36%
61%40%37%
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31%25%29% 21%19%
15%17% 14%26%42% 16%
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30%31%34% 48%40% 32%36% 28%31%46% 51%
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61%50%61% 58%47%
40%58% 33%47%61% 42%
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18%20%17% 19%
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re by Academically Affiliated Authors by Year, 2000–2006
Publication Percentages of Works
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Table 1.
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Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
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Figure 1. Yearly publication rates of works by academically affiliated authors in the print journals
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The citation records were also analyzed by four major types of works: poetry, fiction
or creative prose, articles, and reviews or commentaries. The first three categories were
predefined in the Web of Science data, and the latter category of “reviews or commentaries” is the combination of citations for book reviews and editorial material. By genre,
the representation of works by academically affiliated authors significantly fluctuated
per genre (see Figure 2). Across all journals, the lowest percentages of works by authors
holding academic positions were in citations for poetry and for fiction or creative prose.
A few journals had relatively strong representations of such authors, including Callaloo’s
publication of 49 percent of poetry and 54 percent of fiction or creative prose works;
Shenandoah with 38 percent of poetry works and 43 percent of fiction or creative prose
works; Michigan Quarterly Review with 35 percent of the poetry and 39 percent of the
fiction or creative prose works; and Ploughshares with 35 percent of its poetry and 32 percent of its fiction or creative prose works written by authors from academic institutions.
As such, the highest percentages of works by academically affiliated authors were
in the genres of articles and of reviews or commentaries. In the analysis, the percentage of works in this category by authors in higher education was often close to equal
or slightly higher than those written by nonacademic authors. In some cases, the ratio
was strikingly high, especially when compared to the poetry and the fiction or creative
prose percentages. In the Southern Humanities Review, 48 percent of the published articles
and 77 percent of the published reviews and commentaries were by academically affiliated authors, compared to 2 percent of the published works of poetry. Other notable
224
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Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
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Figure 2. Publication rates of works by academically affiliated authors by journal and genre
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examples are the Massachusetts Review with 56 percent of its articles written by authors
from academic institutions, compared to 29 percent of published fiction or creative
prose works; and TriQuarterly with 41 percent of its published articles by academically
affiliated authors, compared to 25 percent of the published fiction or creative prose.
The reasons for these imbalances partly lie in the raw numbers of works published:
For example, the Southern Humanities Review citations contained only 7 works of poetry
written by authors holding academic posts out of a total of 434 published pieces of
poetry, which contrasts to the 34 articles by academically affiliated authors from a total
of 71 published articles. These numbers also reveal a distinct difference in the numbers
of works published for each genre: every journal had far higher numbers of published
poetry and fiction pieces than published essays and book reviews. Thus the significant
difference ratios of publication by genre may lie in the limited publication of articles and
of reviews and commentaries, and the higher representation of academically affiliated
authors in these more formal genres.
The numbers of published works, however, certainly do not provide the full picture
of representation of academically affiliated authors in literary journals. The gathered
citation data often included multiple citation records for one author, for example, an
author who published multiple poems in one issue. Some writers also are published
far more frequently than others, a statistical factor that may result in a slight overrepresentation of nonacademic authors versus academically affiliated authors in the data set.
These factors augment the need to count the number of published individuals and thus
determine the representation of authors from academic institutions as individual writers.
225
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To calculate the number of authors, the data from the full Web of Science records
were processed in Excel and parsed down to the individual authors, their listed institutional affiliations, the genre of each work published, and the year of publication for each
work. Then multiple works by an author during one year were eliminated as duplicates.
The percentage of academically affiliated authors published in the journals reflected
similar representation to the percentage of the published works by such authors (see
Figure 3). The journal with the highest average percentage of academically affiliated
authors was Callaloo, with an average of 61 percent of its authors from academic institutions. The lowest was Paris Review, with an average of 14 percent of academically
affiliated authors (see Figure 4). Across the entire sample, most publications had overall
averages of 30 to 40 percent of their authors holding academic posts. When the percentages are examined per year, the journals’ proportion of academically affiliated authors
fluctuated; in some of the journals, the percentage of such authors markedly increased
in the later years of the sampled citation data (see Table 2). The five journals with the
most significant upticks in the publication of academically affiliated authors included
the Hudson Review with a 32-point increase from 8 percent in 2006 to 40 percent in 2010;
the Paris Review with a 19-point jump from 5 percent in 2006 to 24 percent in 2009; and
the Chicago Review with a 31-point increase from 9 percent in 2004 to 42 percent and 38
percent in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Across the sampled citation data, however, the
percentages of published academically affiliated authors were similar to the percentages
of published works by academics.
2.
Harriett E. Green
Figure 3. Average percentages of academically affiliated authors in print journals from 2000 to 2010
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Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
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Figure 4. Percentage of academically affiliated authors by literary genre
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When analyzed by genre, the percentages of individual academically affiliated
authors were again similar to percentages of their works published in each genre (see
Figure 5). Journals published the highest percentages of such authors in the categories of
articles and of reviews or commentary. A number of journals had notably high numbers
of academically affiliated authors in these genres, including Callaloo, with more than 70
percent of its authors who wrote articles and 68 percent of its writers of reviews and
commentary holding academic positions; in the Southern Humanities Review, 81 percent
of the authors of reviews or commentary and 48 percent of the article authors were
academically affiliated; and 62 percent of authors of articles and 57 percent of authors
of reviews in the Massachusetts Review held academic posts.
But while the genres of poetry and of fiction or creative prose still had lower percentages of academically affiliated authors represented, several journals had markedly
more equal numbers of academic and nonacademic authors across all genres, especially
when compared to the number of works published. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of
Shenandoah’s writers in every genre were academically affiliated; Kenyon Review writers
were academically affiliated 35 to 45 percent of the time across all genres; and at least
25 percent of writers in every genre for North American Review held academic positions.
Overall, the notable percentages of academically affiliated authors in the genres of articles
and of reviews or commentaries suggest that academics have made the deepest inroads
in what might be characterized as the most formal sections of literary journals. This
representation is particularly notable in literary publications with strong editorial ties
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TriQuarterly
Southern Humanities Review
Shenandoah
Sewanee Review
Salmagundi
Ploughshares
Paris Review
North American Review
Michigan Quarterly Review
Massachusetts Review
Literary Review
Kenyon Review
Hudson Review
Georgia Review
Chicago Review
Callaloo
Antioch Review
Year
2000
, c 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
op
31%36%43%
31%36%30% 16%31%44% 31% 32%
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52%69%65% 49%53%51% 75% 68%
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41%32%27%
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14%17%30%
39%37%37%d
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18%17%22% 33% 15%
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31%31%38% 46%40%33%
35%30%33% 42% 43%
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15%
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37%36%29% 39%26%28%
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36%31%40% 61%49%37%
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52% 56%
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40%36%37% 38%35%40% 34%31%39% 26% 21%
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29%45% 5% 24%10%28% 34%41%40%
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Publication Percentages of Academically
Affiliated Authors by Year, 2000–2006
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Table 2.
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Harriett E. Green
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Figure 5. Percentage of academically affiliated authors published in digital literary journals between
2006 and 2012
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to universities and academic settings, such as Callaloo, Ploughshares, Southern Humanities
Review, and Michigan Quarterly Review.
These tabulations might be considered a more accurate representation of academically affiliated authors in literary journals, as this analysis counted each individual who
placed at least one work in the literary journals. As such, the representation of authors
from universities and other academic institutions in literary journals is slightly stronger
than direct publication records might suggest. The representation of such authors can
be further explored in the digital journals that are rapidly establishing a major role in
literary publishing.
The advent of born-digital literary journals over the past two decades has opened
even more rich avenues of publication and prominence for creative-writing faculty and
students. For this study, two online literary journals were analyzed as a sampling of
digital literary journals: Blackbird and The Cortland Review were selected for being among
the longest-running and most highly regarded digital literary journals in publication
today. Approximately six years of citations were collected manually and analyzed for
the years 2006 through 2012. In these Web-based literary journals, the percentage of
academically affiliated authors among the published works and authors was highly
similar to the print journals.
The yearly percentages of academically affiliated authors compared to nonacademic
authors published in these journals were comparable to the print journals (see Figure 5).
229
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Blackbird contained a stronger representation of academically affiliated authors compared
to The Cortland Review, as there were only two years when less than 40 percent of its
published authors held academic appointments. On average over the six-year period,
41 percent of Blackbird’s authors have held academic posts, while The Cortland Review
had an average of 29 percent.
The journals’ citations were also analyzed by genre. Given the diverse types of works
that online journals publish, five genres were identified for this analysis: poetry, fiction,
nonfiction, book reviews, and art (which included video, photography, and multimedia).
The compiled citations were manually indexed by these identified genres, and then were
analyzed per works and per authors by the totals of the six-year span. The percentages
by works and by authors were essentially identical, and of the two, Blackbird was more
evenly distributed: academic authors comprised 47 percent of its published authors of
poetry, 51 percent of the authors of nonfiction, 32 percent of fiction authors, and 32 percent of producers of art. The Cortland Review published academic authors as 33 percent
of the nonfiction authors, 30 percent of the poetry authors, 21 percent of fiction authors,
and 17 percent of the reviews.
The citations for the Web-based literary journals were combined with the print
journals’ citations to identify the publications with the overall highest representations
on average of academically affiliated authors (see Figure 6). The five journals with the
highest representations of academic authors were Callaloo, Michigan Quarterly Review,
Shenandoah, Blackbird, and Salmagundi, respectively. On average, at least 40 percent of the
published authors in each of these journals were affiliated with academic institutions.
2.
Harriett E. Green
Figure 6. Percentages of academically affiliated authors in both print and online journals
230
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
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Visualizations also offer a way of analyzing the publication rates of academically affiliated authors. For this study, visualizations were generated to show which institutions
and journals contained the highest representations of authors with academic affiliations
and the percentages of academically affiliated authors who published in each genre of
work. Two types of visualizations were generated: bubble graphs, which show values
and amounts as circles of different sizes and in different places in relation to the horizontal and vertical axes; and tree maps, which display data as a set of nested rectangles.
A bubble graph was created to analyze the journals by the percentages of academically affiliated authors published in them (see Figure 7). Callaloo is the most prominent
with 61 percent of its published authors from academic institutions, followed by Michigan
Quarterly Review, Shenandoah, and Blackbird. The bubble graph reveals that in the sampled
citation data, there are two tiers of journals for academic representation. The top third
of the journals have an average representation of academically affiliated authors of at
least 30 percent or higher, while the bottom third of the journals have representations
in percentages of mid-twenties and lower and are smaller circles.
The tree map visualization (Figure 8) displays the total representation of academically affiliated authors and nonacademic authors as divided among the four major genres
analyzed in the citation data: poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and reviews. The data for this
visualization were generated through combining all the citations for works published
and then calculating the proportions of authors by academic affiliation and genres. The
most prominent group is nonacademic poetry at 37 percent, with academic poetry being
the second largest grouping at 16 percent.
One interesting result is that the fourth largest area is nonacademic reviews at 9
percent, which is three percentage points higher than academic reviews. This is notable
because in the earlier analyses of individual journals, academically affiliated authors
frequently equaled or outnumbered nonacademics in the authorship of articles and
reviews or commentaries. The reason may lie in the fact that some journals, such as the
Paris Review and North American Review, had very low percentages of works by authors
from academic institutions, including articles and reviews and commentaries. Thus when
all of the citations from all journals are combined, the strong and weak representations
of academic authors balance out; in the end, nonacademic authors still outnumber academically affiliated authors by one to three percentage points.
When calculated in aggregate, nonacademic authors make up 67 percent of the
authored works in the four major genres, while academic authors make up 33 percent.
The less than 1 percent not reflected in this graph are the artworks and multimedia
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Visualizations
Th
2.
The total citations were also analyzed for the most frequently represented institutions in this sampling of literary journals. The leading institutions were the University of
Michigan, with 165 authors published between 2000 and 2010, followed by the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with 109 authors, the University of Virginia with 94
authors, and the University of Massachusetts with 91 authors. Yet the tabulations presented here are but one way to display how academic authors are represented among the
journals, and graphic visualizations of the citation data can present a different perspective.
231
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4.
2.
Harriett E. Green
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Figure 7. Bubble graph showing the percentages of academically affiliated authors published in
the journals as circles of different sizes
Figure 8. Tree map showing the representation of academically affiliated authors and nonacademic
authors among the four major genres
232
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pieces also published in the journals. These visualizations offer an alternative method of
viewing the compiled citation data, and they provide perspectives on how significantly
academically affiliated authors are represented in the leading literary journals, and in
which journals such authors are most heavily concentrated.
This analysis presents a case for the existence of a not-insignificant representation of
academically affiliated authors in literary magazines and journals. With this evidence,
how should libraries respond to this expanding publication sector for scholarship in
academic disciplines?
2.
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
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Discussion: Users of Literary Magazines in the Library
at
Collections Access
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The frequency of academically affiliated authors’ publications in this study’s sampling of
literary journals suggests that library holdings of such journals are critical for facilitating
scholarship related to the discipline of creative writing. For this discussion, the operating
definition of a collection will be “an accumulation of information resources developed by
information professionals intended for a user community or a set of communities.”18 The
act of building collections is a “value-laden”
The frequency of academically affiliated authors’ activity, and as Michael
Buckland notes, “If colpublications in this study’s sampling of literary
lection development is
journals suggests that library holdings of such
seen as deciding which
journals are critical for facilitating scholarship
items to privilege, then
the need for those with
related to the discipline of creative writing.
that ability would appear to increase as a local
paper collections diminish relative to networked electronic collections.”19 Thus despite
the fluidity of the digital environment, there still is a strong need for library collections
to acquire carefully selected materials to indicate to users the particular scholarly value
of certain periodicals and research resources.20
In studies of serials collection development, the most dominant metrics for evaluating
serials collections are concerned with economic efficiency and usage information such
as usage statistics, citation analyses, and cost analyses. Notable studies include the six
cost models for electronic and print journal access in the University of California system,
a value score system developed by Jason Dewland and Jessica Minhan for evaluating
journals based on usage and cost, and the usage factor project developed for libraries in
the United Kingdom that consolidates regular access statistics with other factors to evaluate usage of digital journals.21 For literary magazines and journals, however, economic
metrics do not provide an adequate picture of journal usage and other patron needs for
these materials. Rather, the concept of a collection as a user-centered environment may
provide a better framework for developing literary magazine and journal collections.
The user community is critical to shaping the collection, as a number of recent studies argue, and the collection “developers” must consider how users will interact with
233
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the items.22 As such, a usable collection should be oriented around users’ behaviors and
needs, and must interact with other materials as well.23
The consideration of user engagement with the materials has already proved to be
an effective guide for building library collections of zines. A zine is an inexpensively
produced, self-published or online publication often devoted to an unconventional or
specialized subject. Zines are similarly complex to literary magazines in their creative
content and nontraditional format. Several studies have examined strategies for collecting alternative press publications and zines in libraries, including donations from users,
building library connections with the alternative press communities and vendors, and
purchasing individual issues where available.24 While literary magazines are often easier
to find than zines, librarians can employ similar strategies to critically engage users
and the local communities in efforts to acquire and integrate print and digital literary
journals into their collections.
The integration of open-access digital literary magazines is a particularly challenging
issue that must be considered and addressed. Studies on the integration of free and openaccess journals into library collections suggest that there is a rich corpus of open-access
scholarly publications that libraries
need to catalog and index. Collection
There is a rich corpus of open-access
development criteria can be equally
applied to select open-access digital scholarly publications that libraries
literary journals for the collection, need to catalog and index.
and through the use of online records
and Web links, libraries can provide
patrons with opportunities to use open-access digital journals through their collections.25
In this work to integrate digital and print literary journals into collections, sustainability and preservation are especially critical given the ephemerality of little magazines
both in print and digital form. In an analysis of the stability of e-zines, Jen Stevens
proposes a predictive model that offers useful criteria for evaluating digital literary
journals in collection development and cataloging for a library collection.26 Other studies
on cataloging and preserving zines in library collections also shed light on how unique
strategies can be pursued for ensuring the sustainability of nontraditional periodicals in
circulating library collections.27 Strategies for interdisciplinary collection development
also can inform the acquisition of literary journals, including broad needs assessments
of user and information models that reflect the journal usage and research workflows
of faculty and students.28
In light of these models and analyses, librarians can begin to formulate strategies
for the incorporation of literary magazines and journals into collections. Yet after literary magazines and journals are integrated into the holdings, another challenge remains:
how to facilitate user discovery and access to the materials.
2.
Harriett E. Green
Discovery
Literary magazines and journals long have lacked exposure in established research
resources when compared to scholarly journals from other disciplines and specializations in the humanities. Of the major humanities bibliographies and research indexes,
the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (ABELL) and the MLA [Modern
234
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Language Association] International Bibliography both index well-established literary
and arts journals such as Antioch Review, Kenyon Review, Salmagundi, and Hudson Review;
while Humanities International Complete, a database that includes all data from the
Humanities International Index, also contains a selection of newer journals such as Tin
House. But given that there are currently 918 listings in the Poets & Writers Literary
Magazines and Journals Database, there is a large segment of journals that academics
still need to access for scholarly communications and publishing, but may not find
through standard indexes and bibliographies.29 Thus a need exists for better user access
to literary magazines and journals.
There are several independent indexes for literary journals and magazines: the most
authoritative and accessible sources are the Council of Literary Magazines and Presses’
CLMP Literary Press and Magazine Directory on the Web and in print, The International
Directory of Little Magazines & Small Presses, and the Poets & Writers’ Literary Magazines
and Journals Database that is openly available online.30 There are other Web sources
as well, including the commercial database Duotrope and Web sites such NewPages.
com.31 While resources such as the Literary Press and Magazine Directory are mainstays
of library reference collections, these should not be the only discovery tools for faculty
and students who publish in literary magazines. Studies on how libraries can enhance
discovery and access to digital resources and alternative press publications may reveal
insights for enhancing availability and use of literary magazines.
In efforts to identify how academic communities ideally should access scholarly
resources today, studies have examined the reading behaviors of academics with journals and identified the leading digital tools they use for accessing periodical literature,
such as Google Scholar.32 Studies also have examined methods for improving access to
online journals, and a number of studies have examined user finding and retrieval of
journal literature through Web-scale discovery systems and new catalog interface tools.33
Yet literary journals contain amalgamations of creative and multi-formatted content
that pose complex challenges for cataloging and indexing, as examined in Tom Murphy’s
study of indexing fiction and poetry, and Paling’s examination of improving the indexability of literary texts by using fuzzy sets, an extension of the mathematical concept of set
theory in which members belong to a set to a greater or lesser degree.34 As noted earlier,
the challenges of literary journals’ complex
content and format are similar to zines, and
Literary journals contain
studies of cataloging processes for zines also
amalgamations of creative and can serve as potential models for discovery
and access of literary magazines. Libraries
multi-formatted content that
have adopted diverse strategies for enabling
pose complex challenges for
access to zines beyond catalog entries, such
cataloging and indexing.
as cataloging zines in separate databases,
creating special subject lists, processing zines
as archival materials, and shelving them in easily accessible file folders and archival
boxes for circulation among patrons in the building.35 Rowena Koh also considers the
challenges in facilitating discovery and access to print and online alternative literature,
with an analysis of various subject headings assigned to zines and a proposal to create
online guides with links to e-zines.36
2.
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
235
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As evidenced in these studies, there are many different possibilities for enabling
access to literary magazines and journals comparable to that for traditional scholarly
publications from established disciplines. Libraries must evaluate the discovery models for their collection and strategize ways to integrate literary journals, which could
include explicit addition of literary magazines
into database indexes. Libraries might also urge Libraries must evaluate the
the aggregators who offer packages of content
discovery models for their
from many sources to include literary journals
more prominently.
collection and strategize
Libraries’ support of disciplinary scholarways to integrate literary
ship in literary magazines through improved
discovery tools and reconfigured collection de- journals.
velopment strategies will pivot upon selections
of literary journals and magazines determined to have especially critical scholarly value.
Authoritative sources such as the MLA International Bibliography and Literary Magazines
and Presses Directory provide reliable guidance for initial decisions in reconfiguring
collection content and access, but the notably fluid nature of publication venues for
literature and art may require new and hybrid strategies for monitoring scholarly communications in creative writing.
2.
Harriett E. Green
an
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Literary Information Science]
ac
Future Research and Conclusion
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This analysis of publications by academically affiliated authors in literary magazines
ultimately seeks to respond to issues raised concerning information networks in literary
publishing and the work practices of authors and editors. These studies shed light on
future avenues of study for the disciplinary scholarship in literary journals and magazines. In particular, the theory of intensifying use of technology (IUT) in writing and
editorial practices proposed by Paling has implications for the evolving role of digital and
print literary magazines for scholarship in
academic disciplines.37 According to this
Producers in creative genres often
theory, producers in creative genres often
use new technology to produce highly in- use new technology to produce
novative poetry, fiction, and other work. highly innovative poetry, fiction,
Drawing upon Pierre Bourdieu’s idea
of markers of “consecration” to define and other work.
prestige in literary world, Paling and his
coauthors examine how “IT by itself cannot change human values. However, by creating
new artistic possibilities, IT makes it possible for authors to create new literary practices
that can become new standards of value.”38 The rise of open-access digital periodicals in
literary publishing will have significant impact on the scholarly practices for creativewriting faculty in literary publications. The two digital journals examined in this study,
Blackbird and Cortland Review, notably feature audio recordings, video essays, and other
multimedia features that are nearly impossible to convey in the print medium. As such,
future studies might explore the types of works that creative-writing faculty members
236
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines
are publishing in these digital venues and the consequent implications for scholarly
publishing in these disciplinary areas.
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Future analyses of disciplinary scholarship published in literary journals and magazines
also must take into account several other challenging factors for data gathering and analysis. As noted earlier, online literary magazines are a rapidly expanding, yet all too often
ephemeral, publication universe. Many journals are not indexed in standard humanities
bibliographies, yet these publications must be accounted for in future analyses that examine larger data sets than the data presented here.
Citation references and coauthoring are infrequent
Online literary magazines
for most works published in literary magazines,
are a rapidly expanding,
such that possible analyses of creative-writing facyet all too often ephemeral, ulty publications may require different strategies
than standard bibliometric studies. But with the appublication universe.
propriate data sets, analyses could be conducted to
identify the networks of scholarly communications
and prestige in literary publishing for scholarship in academic disciplines.
Katherine Swiggart notes that “the challenge for online journals, and for print journals seeking to diversify, is how to establish credibility. For some, this credibility has to
do with maintaining the editorial standards set by their print counterparts. For others,
credibility depends on originality and innovation.”39 This issue of credibility lies at the
heart of knowledge creation: Critical acceptance for literary magazines and journals has
been built by their immense contributions to the field of literature, and today, literary journals serve the scholarly aims for writers in academe as they seek promotion and tenure.
In this initial examination of
how literary journals are beCritical acceptance for literary magazines and coming publication outlets
journals has been built by their immense con- for disciplinary scholarship,
tributions to the field of literature, and today, this early analysis suggests
that discovery tools and
literary journals serve the scholarly aims for
collections access to literary journals and magawriters in academe as they seek promotion
zines must become a critical
and tenure.
consideration for research
library services and resources. Literary journals, in print and increasingly digital forms, ultimately are a key facet
in the changing scholarly communications landscape for the humanities.
2.
Conclusion
Harriett E. Green is the English and digital humanities librarian and an assistant professor of
library administration at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; she may be reached
by e-mail at: green19@illinois.edu.
237
Harriett E. Green
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1. Association for Writers & Writing Programs, AWP Director’s Handbook: Guidelines, Policies,
and Information for Creative Writing Programs (Fairfax, VA: Association for Writers & Writing
Programs, 2012), 104.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Association for Writers & Writing Programs, Association for Writers & Writing Programs
Strategic Plan 2010–2020 (Fairfax, VA: Association for Writers & Writing Programs, 2012), 5.
5. Association of Writers & Writing Programs, AWP Hallmarks of a Successful MFA Program in
Creative Writing, accessed August 29, 2013, https://www.awpwriter.org/library/directors_
handbook_hallmarks_of_a_successful_mfa_program_in_creative_writing.
6. Frederick J. Hoffman, Charles Allen, and Carolyn F. Ulrich, The Little Magazine: A History
and a Bibliography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946), 2.
7. Council of Literary Magazines and Presses, “Membership Facts,” accessed March 17, 2013,
http://www.clmp.org/about/member_facts.html.
8. Gabe Habash, “Literary Magazines Adapt to the Digital Age,” Publishers Weekly (March 10,
2013): 4–5.
9. Dennis Dillon, “Hand Wringing in Paradise: Scholarly Communication and the Intimate
Twinges of Conscience,” Journal of Library Administration 52, 6–7 (2012): 609–25.
10. David Minguillo, “Toward a New Way of Mapping Scientific Fields: Authors’ Competence
for Publishing in Scholarly Journals,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science
and Technology 61, 4 (2010): 772–86.
11. Rob Kling, Geoffrey McKim, and Adam King, “A Bit More to It: Communication Forums as
Socio-Technical Interaction Networks,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science
and Technology 54, 1 (2003): 47–67; John C. Navin and Jennifer M. Vandever, “The Market for
Scholarly Communication,” Journal of Library Administration 51, 5–6 (2011): 455–63; Jenny
Fry and Sanna Talja, “The Intellectual and Social Organization of Academic Fields and the
Shaping of Digital Resources,” Journal of Information Science 33, 2 (2007): 115–33.
12. Marc Verboord, “Classification of Authors by Literary Prestige,” Poetics 31 (2003): 259–81;
Wouter de Nooy, “The Dynamics of Artistic Prestige,” Poetics 30 (2002): 147–67.
13. Stephen Paling, “Fuzzy Sets and the Organization of Literary Texts: A Conceptualization
and Two-Stage Pilot Study,” Journal of Documentation 67, 4 (2011): 610–23.
14.Ibid.
15. Stephen Paling, “Technology, Genres, and Value Change: Literary Authors and Artistic
Use of Information Technology,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
Technology 59, 9 (2008): 1238–51; Stephen Paling and Crystle Martin, “Transformative
Use of Information Technology in American Literary Writing: A Pilot Survey of Literary
Community Members,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
62, 5 (2011): 947–62; Stephen Paling and Michael Nilan, “Technology, Genres, and Value
Change: The Case of Little Magazines,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science
and Technology 57, 7 (2006): 862–72.
16. Steve Black, “Failure Rates and Publication Status: Periodicals Reviewed in Library Journal
(1980–2005) and Database Accuracy,” Serials Review 36 (2010): 210–13; Jen Stevens, “Long
Term Literary E-Zine Stability: Issues and Access in Libraries,” Technical Services Quarterly
22, 1 (2004): 21–32; Alan May, “From Print to Online to Print,” Serials Librarian 49, 4 (2008):
125–34; Alan May, “Interview with Jake Berry, Editor of Outré, Artifact Collective Texts,
Anomaly, the Experioddicist, and Currently 9th St. Laboratories,” Serials Librarian 55, 1:
296–303.
17. Stephen Paling, “Technology, Genres, and Value Change,” 1238.
18. Hur-Li Lee, “What Is a Collection?” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51,
12 (2000): 1106–13.
19. Michael Buckland, “6: Supplement,” Redesigning Library Services: A Manifesto, accessed
August 20, 2013, http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Literature/Library//Redesigning/supplement.html.
2.
Notes
238
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20. James Currall, Michael Moss, and Susan Stuart, “What Is a Collection?” Archivaria 58
(2005): 131–46.
21. Michael Cooper, “The Costs of Providing Electronic Journal Access and Printed Copies of
Journals to University Users,” Library Quarterly 76, 3 (2006): 323–51; Jason Dewland and
Jessica Minhan, “Collective Serials Analysis: The Relevance of a Journal in Supporting
Teaching and Research,” Technical Services Quarterly 28, 3 (2011): 265–82; Oliver Pesch,
“Usage Factor for Journals: A New Measure for Scholarly Impact,” Serials Librarian 63, 3–4
(2010): 261–68.
22. Hur-Li Lee, “What Is a Collection?” 1106–13.
23. Tony Horava, “Challenges and Possibilities for Collection Management in a Digital Age,”
Library Resources & Technical Services 54, 3 (2010): 142–52.
24. Colleen Hubbard, “DIY in the Stacks: A Study of Three Public Library Zine Collections,”
Public Libraries 48, 3 (2005): 351–54; Richard Stoddart and Teresa Kiser, “Zines and
the Library,” Library Resources and Technical Services 48, 3 (2004): 191–98; Rowena Koh,
“Alternative Literature in the Libraries: The Unseen Zine,” Collection Building 27, 2 (2008):
48–51; Karen Gisonny and Jenna Freedman, “Zines in Libraries: How, What, and Why?”
Collection Building 25, 1 (2006): 26–30.
25. Koh, “Alternative Literature in the Libraries,” 51.
26. Jen Stevens, “Long-Term Literary E-Zine Stability,” 21–32; Jen Stevens and Sarah McCord,
“Long-Term E-Zine Stability: A Predictive Model,” Technical Services Quarterly 22, 3 (2005):
29–45.
27. Stoddart and Kiser, “Zines and the Library”; Koh, “Alternative Literature in the Libraries,”
49–51; Gisonny and Freedman, “Zines in Libraries.”
28. Cynthia Dobson, Jeffrey D. Kushkowski, and Kristin H. Gerhard, “Collection Evaluation
for Interdisciplinary Fields: A Comprehensive Approach,” Journal of Academic Librarianship
22, 4 (1996): 279–84.
29. Poets & Writers Literary Magazines and Journals Database, accessed August 30, 2013,
http://www.pw.org/literary_magazines.
30. Council of Literary Magazines and Presses’ CMLP Directory, http://clmp.org/directory/;
Poets & Writers Literary Magazines and Journals Database.
31. Duotrope, accessed August 15, 2013, https://duotrope.com/index.aspx.
32. Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King, “Reading Behaviour and Electronic Journals,” Learned
Publishing 15, 4 (2002): 259–65.
33. Steve Hitchcock, Les Carr, Stephen Harris, J. M. N. Hey, and Wendy Hall, “Citation
Linking: Improving Access to Online Journals,” in Proceedings of the Second ACM
International Conference on Digital Libraries (Philadelphia: Association for Computing
Machinery [ACM], 1997): 115–22; Heather Hessel and Janet Fransen, “Resource Discovery:
Comparative Survey Results on Two Catalog Interfaces,” Information Technologies and
Libraries 31, 2 (2012): 21–44; Carol Pitts Diedrichs, “Discovery and Delivery: Making It Work
for Users,” Serials Librarian 56 (2009): 79–93.
34. Tom Murphy, “Exploring Fiction and Poetry Through Indexing,” The Indexer 23, 4 (2003):
216–17; Paling, “Fuzzy Sets and the Organization of Literary Texts.”
35. Stoddart and Kiser, “Zines and the Library.”
36. Koh, “Alternative Literature in the Libraries,” 48–51.
37. Alisa Craig and Sébastien Dubois, “Between Art and Money: The Social Space of Public
Readings in Contemporary Poetry Economics and Careers,” Poetics 38 (2010): 441–60.
38. Paling, “Technology, Genres, and Value Change: Literary Authors and Artistic Use of
Information Technology,” 1238–51.
39. Katherine Swiggart, “A Sorcery of Circuitry: Behind the Screens of Online Magazines,”
Poets & Writers 31, 5 (September/October 2003): 63–68, http://www.pw.org/content/sorcery_
circuitry_behind_screens_online_magazines.
2.
Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines