Managerial Accounting
2011
First semester
Takayuki Asada
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Chapter４
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify common cost behavior patterns.
Estimate the relation beween cost and activity using account
analysis and the high-low method.
Perform cost-volume-profit analysis for multiple products.
Discuss the effect of operating leverage.
Use the contribution margin per unit of the constraint to analyze
situations involving a resourse constraint.
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1. Introduction
Mary Stuart is the vice president of operations for CodeConnet,a company that
manufacturers and sells bar code readers.
As senior mamanger,she must answer a variety of questions dealing with
planning,control and decision making.
Planning:Code Connect sold 20,000 bar code readers at $200 per unit. The cost of
manufacturing these items was $2,940,000 ,and sellin g and administrative
costs were $800,000. Total profit was $260,000. In the coming year,the
company expects to sell 25,000 units. What level of profit should be in the
budget for the coming year?
Control:In April,production costs were $250,000. In May ,costs increased to
$265,000,but production also increased from 1,750 units in April to 2,000
units in May. Did the manager responsible for production costs do a good
job of controlling costs in May?
Decision Making: The current Price for a bar code reader is $200 per unit. If the
price is increased to $225 per unit, sales will drop from 20,000 to 17,000.
Should the price be increased ?
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2. Common Cost behavior patterns
To perform cost-volume-profit analysis,you need to know
how costs behave when business activity changes. This
section describes some common patterns of cost
behavior.
1).Variable costs:variable costs are costs that change in proportion to changes
involume or activity. Thus,if activity increases by 10 percent,variable costs
are assumed to increase by 10 percent.
2).Fixed costs:Fixed costs are costs that do not change in response to changes
in activity levels.
In the short run,some fixed costs can be changed while others cannot,
discretionary fixed costs are those fixed costs that management can easily
change in the short run. Committed fixed costs are those fixed costs that
cannot be easily changed in a relatively brief period of time.
3). Mixed costs:Mixed costs are costs that contain both a variable cost element
and a fixed cost element. These costs are sometimes referred to as
semivarible costs.
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4)Step costs: Step costs are those costs that are fixed for a range of
volume but increase to a higher level when the upper bound of the range
is exeeded.
3. Cost estimation methods
In order to predict how much cost will be incurred at various activity lelvels,
You must know how much of the total cost is fixed and how much is variable.
In this section,we cover three techniquies for estimating the amount of fixed
and variable cost : account analysis ,hight-low method, and regression
analysis.
1)Account analysis:The method requires that the manager use professional
judgement to classify costs as either fixed or variable. The account analysis
methid is subjective in that different managers viewing the same set of facts
may reach different conclusions regarding which costs are fixed and which
costs are variable.
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2) Scattergraphs: Suppose the monthly production and
cost information provided in illustration 4-7 is
available for CodeCOnnect. We can gain insight into
the relation between production cost and activity by
plotting these costs and activity levels. The plot of the
data is referred to as a Scattergraph.
3)High-Low Method:With the same type of data as that
described previouly,we can estimate the fixed and
variable components of cost at various activity levels
using the high-low method.
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4)Regression Analysis
Different costs for different purposes. This suggest that
there is no universal way to compute the cost of something.
Management accountants define and compute costs that
reflected identified decision making needs.
5) Relevance range: when working with estimates of fixed
and varible costs, remember that they are only valid for a
limited range of activity. Regression anasysis is a statistical
technique that uses all the available data points to estimate
the intercept and slope of a cost equation.
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4.Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: How the use of product
cost information defines its focus and form
1)Financial accountants and management accountants define
and think about cost very differently , particulary product
costs.
2)Using product cost information outside the organization
Since no one knows how the investors,etc. use the costs
numbers in financial statements, generally accepted
accoutning principles that specify the focus,content and form
of financial statements focus on methods for computing costs
rather than how they might be best calculated to support a
given decision.
3)The profit equation
The profit equation states that profit is equal to revenue (selling
price times quantity),minu variable cost ,minus total foxed
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cost.
Using Cost information to predict costs and profits
Cost-Volume-Proft Analysis is a procedure for combining information about variable
and fixed costs with revenue information for different levels of volume.
Profit=revenue- costs (4.1)
Profit = Revenue-variable costs – fixed costs (4.2)
Profit=(units sold × revenue per unit) – (units sold × variable cost per unit) –
Fixed costs (4.3)
Profit = (unit sold × (revenue per unit – variable cost per unit) ) – fixed costs (4.4)
Profit = (units sold × Contribution margin per unit ) –fixed costs (4.5)
Units required to earn a target profit = (target profit + fixed
(4.6)
cost) / contribution margin per unit
Breakeven unit sales = Fixed costs / contribution margin per
unit
(4.7)
units required × revenue per unit = (target profit + fixed cost)
× revenue per unit / contribution per unit
margin per unit
(4.8)
Revenue required = (target profit + fixed cost ) / contribution
margin ratio (4.10)
Breakeven sales revenue = Fixed cost / contribution margin
ratio (4.11)
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Expenditures,Costs and Expenses
Expenses are the costs of assets that the financial accountants deems have
been used up when goods or services are sold.
Product Costs
for manufacturing firms,financial accoutants include only manufacturing
costs in the cost they report for product inventory,and threfore,as the
expense they report for the goods sold.
in summary,for a manufacturing firms, product cost reported on the
balance sheet
include only manufacturing costs ad almost always reflected historical
costs.
Using Product Cost Information inside the organization
two broad categories which mean Planning and evaluation
1)Selling price based on cost as a reference point
2)budgeting use
3)planning and control use
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.Understanding Cost Behavior to Predict Costs
understanding cost behavior allows the management
accountants to develop estimates of product costs and to
predict costs for various levels of production activity.
you can understand the different behavior of cost when you
know the notion of flexible resources and capacity related
resouces. The cost of flexible resourses are called variable
costs.
Capacity-related resources are acquired and paid for in advance
of when the work is done. The costs associated with
capacity-related resources are called fixed costs.
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The CVP Chart:
Executives ,analysts,and regulators track average yield and load
factor for the industry and each airline very varefully since small
changes in the load factor have large effects on profits(since fixed
costs make up most of the total costs ,the total cost curve has a
small slope) and since most airlines operate near their breakeven
load factor as shown in the practice box(p.40).
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Extending CVP analysis for multiproduct organizations
Lynn’s Landscaping Services,Lynn would construct an average product by
weighting each of her company’s three real products-lawn mowing,layout
design, and other maintenance-by their respective proportions in the
estimated product mix.
Exhibit 2-6
Lawn Mowing
Layout Design
unit total
unit
Total
Units sold 4600
350
Revenues 50,000 230,000
500
175,000
Variable
costs
27.17 125,000
160
56,000
80,153
Fixed Costs
105,343
Profit
-343
38,847
Other maintenance
Unit
Total
1250
200
250,000
116
145,000
114,504
-9,504
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Exhibit 2-7 Lynn’s Landscapeing Services:Composite Product
Calculation
Lawn Moving
unit
%Total
Unit Sold 4,600 74.193548%
unit
Revenue 50.0
Variable
costs
27.17
Contribution
Margin
Layout Design
Other Maintenance Total
unit
%Total
Unit
%total
350 5.645161% 1,250 20.161290% 6200
weight
unit
weight
unit
weight
total all
37.10
500.00
28.23
200.00
40.32
105.65
20.16
160.00
9.03
116.00
23.39
52.58
53.06
Noting that the total fixed costs at Lynn’s Landscaping is 300,000(105,343+80,153+
114,504) ,use the breakeven formula (equation 2.7) to compute the breakeven level of
sales for this composite product:
Breakeven = Fixed cost / contribution margin per unit = 300,000/53.06 (2.15)
unit sales
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To summarize ,CVP analysis provided decisions
makers with a handy ,flexible and convenient
way to model the relationship between
volume and profits.
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Using Cost Information to develop Product Costs
We are faced with the problems of how to incorporate fixed
costs into a product cost.
1)A widely used approach is to divide fixed costs by the number
of units actually produced. This has the nice effect of including
all the fixed costs in the product costs,but it has the
unfortunate effect of increasing the computed
cost of a product as demand goes down.
2)An alternative approach to including fixed costs in product
costs is to divide the fixed cost by the practical level of
capacity provided to get a cost per unit of capacity.
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5.Multiproduct Analysis
The previous examples illustrates CVP analysis for a single
product. But CVP analysis can be extended to cover multiple
products.
1)Contribution margin approach:
2)Contribution margin ratio approach
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6.Assumptions in CVP Analysis
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7. Code Connect Example reviseted
Mary’s questions
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8.Operationg Leverage
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9.Constraints
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Summary
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