Superpave Mixture Design: Compaction Requirements TRAFFIC, MILLION ESALs < 0.3 <1 <3 < 10 < 30 < 100 100 VFA REQUIREMENTS @ 4% AIR VOIDS SUPERPAVE GYRATORY COMPACTION EFFORT AVERAGE DESIGN HIGH AIR TEMPERATURE < 39° C 39° – 40° C 41° – 42° C N int 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 N des 68 76 86 96 109 126 142 N max 104 117 134 152 174 204 233 N int 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 N des 74 83 95 106 121 139 158 N max 114 129 150 169 195 228 262 N int 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 N des 78 88 100 113 128 146 165 VMA REQUIREMENTS @ 4% AIR VOIDS NOMINAL MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE (mm) 9.5 12.5 19.0 25.0 37.5 MINIMUM VMA ( % ) 15 14 13 12 11 42° – 43° C N max 121 138 158 181 208 240 275 N int 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 N des 82 93 105 119 135 153 177 N max 127 146 167 192 220 253 288 TRAFFIC, MILLION ESALs < 0.3 <1 <3 < 10 < 30 < 100 100 COMPACTION KEY SUPERPAVE GYRATORY N int N des COMPACTION 89% 96% PERCENT OF Gmm DESIGN VFA (%) 70 – 80 65 – 78 65 – 78 65 – 75 65 – 75 65 – 75 65 – 75 N max 98% )HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ5HSRUW)+:$6$%DFNJURXQGRI6XSHUSDYH$VSKDOW0L[WXUH'HVLJQDQG$QDO\VLV1RY Gravity Model AjFijKij Tij = Pi > / AjFijKij H j where Tij = number of trips that are produced in zone i and attracted to zone j Pi = total number of trips produced in zone i Aj = number of trips attracted to zone j Fij = a value that is an inverse function of travel time between zones i and j Kij VRFLRHFRQRPLFDGMXVWPHQWIDFWRUIRULQWHUFKDQJHij Logit Models n Ux = / aiXi i=1 where Ux = utility of mode x n = number of attributes Xi = attribute value (time, cost, and so forth) ai FRHI¿FLHQWYDOXHIRUDWWULEXWHVLQHJDWLYHVLQFHWKHYDOXHVDUHGLVXWLOLWLHV If two modes, auto (A ) and transit (T), are being considered, the probability of selecting the auto mode A can be written as P_ Ai = eUA e + eUT UA P_ x i = eUx / eUxi n e=1 170 CIVIL ENGINEERING