BIO 529 S04
Exam I
Name______________________
ID #_______________________
1. Fill in the blanks with the best answer from the list provided. (1 pt each)
epigenesis
fate map
induction
soma
determination
gastrulation
morphogen
autonomous
cloning
RNAi
specification
juxtacrine
pluripotence
commitment
nematode
enhancer
Pax6
vertebrate
embryo
notochord
preformation
metazoan
conditional
microarray
morphogenesis
blastula
totipotence
mitosis
Wnt
deuterostome
TGF-
epithelium
PCR
competence
amphibian
FGF
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epiboly
diploblast
zygote
cleavage
stem cell
morpholino
germ line
imprinting
instructive
meiosis
chordate
permissive
arthropod
BMP4
endocrine
Hedgehog
differentiation
Smad
chimera
triploblast
organogenesis
larva
protostome
regulative development
in situ hybridization
mosaic development
JAK-STAT
syncytial
reverse transcription
mesenchyme
receptor tyrosine kinase
Northern blotting
paracrine
urochordate
targeted knock-out
methylation
A sheet of tightly connected cells
Chemically modified oligonucleotide used to reduce gene activity
Organism in which the mouth is the first orifice to develop
Theory that organisms develop from a miniature in the gamete
Type of specification in which individual cells develop independently
Technique to trace all the cell lineages of an organism
Ability of a cell to produce many, but not all, fates
Ability of a cell to respond to a signal from another cell
Type of specification that occurs when the nuclei of an early embryo
develop in a common cytoplasm
Hybridization technique that provides information about the total size
of a mRNA
A ligand that stimulates RTK signaling
Stage of embryogenesis during which cells are rearranged
Signaling that affects very distant cells of the body
Organism with a notochord only during embryogenesis
Selective inactivation of gene copy from only one parent
State in which a cell is irreversibly developing toward a specific fate
Type of induction that provides specific information to the responder
Organism that is comprised of cells with two different genotypes
Use of somatic cell nucleus from one organism to create a new
organism
Technique that provides the most specific information about the
spatial expression of a gene
1
BIO 529 S04
Exam I
Name______________________
ID #_______________________
For all remaining questions, you must show your work or explain your reasoning to receive
any partial credit.
2. Most eukaryotic embryos are comprised of three primary germ layers.
a. Name the three germ layers and provide one example of an adult tissue derived from each.
(9 pts)
b. What is the name for an organism with only two primary germ layers. (1 pt)
3. Classify the following organisms with respect to the following features. (1 pt each)
Organism
Animal, Plant,
or Protist
For Animals: Protostome
or Deuterostome
For Animals:
Dipoblast or Triploblast
Xenopus
Drosophila
Dictyostelium
Mouse
Arabidopsis
4. Name the three major stages of metazoan embryogenesis (after fertilization) and describe
what happens or is characteristic of each stage. (9 pts)
2
BIO 529 S04
Exam I
Name______________________
ID #_______________________
5. You are given an animal whose development has never been characterized before. You note
that at the four-cell stage, one blastomere transiently shows red pigmentation. However, as
embryogenesis proceeds, the red pigmentation fades and you are unable to determine what
becomes of the blastomere in the fully-developed embryo. Describe a simple experiment you
can do to determine the fate of the red blastomere. Provide sufficient detail to show that you
understand the technique and its interpretation. (10 pts)
6. For the animal described above, you find that the red blastomere at the four-cell stage
ultimately gives rise to all of the central nervous system of the embryo. Using this
information, devise an experiment to determine whether development in this organism is
regulative or mosaic. In addition to describing the experimental procedure, describe the
possible results and how you would interpret them. (15 pts)
3
BIO 529 S04
Exam I
Name______________________
ID #_______________________
7. At the early gastrula stage of a Xenopus embryo, the presumptive eye tissue is transplanted
into a new embryo that in the region that gives rise to the somitic mesoderm. The resulting
transplanted tissue becomes somitic mesoderm. What does that tell you about the
presumptive eye tissue of Xenopus at the early gastrula stage? (8 pts)
8. In birds, feathers form from the epidermis after induction by the underlying dermis. The
protein Feather Forming Factor (FFF) may be involved in this process. To determine the role
of FFF in feather induction, tissue from FFF mutants was mixed with wild-type tissue.
Indicate the anticipated results of these mixing experiments for each of the following
situations by filling in the table with “Yes” or “No” to indicate whether feathers would form.
(9 pts)
Dermis
PFFWild-type
PFF-
Epidermis
PFFPFFWild-type
Feather Formation If…
FFF is Competence Factor
FFF is Inducer
FFF is Not Required
9. The Binary Expression (GAL4) system is commonly used in Drosophila to easily misexpress
genes of interest. Using a diagram and words, explain the binary (two) DNA components of
this system and how they interact to create misexpression. (10 pts)
4