Conquest and Colonization? The City on the Hill
I. The First Americans
A. The Clovis Model (11,000 years old, North Asian/Mongoloid)
B. Multiple Origins [outline map]--Americas as Ice-Age melting pot
Arlington Springs Woman, Channel Islands, CA (10,960, "European"
features)
Monte Alegre, Brazil (11,000, eastern side of continent)
Monte Verde, Chile (12,500, eastern/southern tip of So. America)
Cactus Hill, VA (15,050)
Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Avella, PA (14,000-17,000)
C. Early European Explorers
Saint Brendan? (A.D. 484-578): St. Brendan's Island
Lief Erikson ( circa A.D. 1,000) (first European born in "New World":
Schnorr)
II. Populations at the Encounter
World population in 1500: 400 million
Americas in 1500: 80 million (mid-1600s: 10 million)
Mexico in 1500: 25 million (1600: 1 million)
North of Mexico before European contact: 10 million, divided into 300-500 nations
Eastern North America (coastal plain and piedmont region): 500,000
Southern New England: 70-100,000 people divided into two major leagues or
confederacies
1. Algonquin: Wampanoag (Plymouth Colony), Narrangansett (Rhode
Island), Pequots (eastern Connecticut), Massachuset (Massachusetts Bay)
2. Iroquois: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas.
Example of political organization in New England: Iroquois Ganonsyoni
("League of the Iroquois" [literally "that which spreads far"]). Probably
formed in late 1400s by Hiawatha to fight the Algonquins. About 10,000
citizens or members spread over wide area.
III. European Occupation of North America (c. 1550-1763): historical map
Four Major Players:
Spanish (and Portuguese): 1550s to 1763 (lost land east of Mississippi)
French: 1604-1763
1713--Treaty of Utrecht ended "Queen Anne's War" (lost Hudson
Bay)
1763--Treaty of Paris ended a world war called "Seven Year's
War"/"French and Indian War" in the Colonies (lost everything in N.
America)
Dutch: 1614-1664
British (English, some Irish and Scot): 1607-1776/present. Quick growth in
population
1. By the Revolutionary War (1776), 13 colonies claiming land from
Maine to Georgia and inland to Allegheny Mountains
2. 1783, treaty with England ending that war, extends U.S. to
Mississippi
3. 1803--Jefferson buys Louisiana territory from Napoleon (who had
gotten it back losing it to Spain in 1763)
4. 1853--area of what are now the 48 contiguous states acquired
after treaties and wars with Spain, Mexico, and England (CA
becomes a state in 1850)
(5. 1867--U.S. buys Alaska from Russia [statehood 1959])
(6. 1900--Hawaii becomes U.S. Territory [statehood 1959])
IV. British Colonization: Political and Economic Motives
A. 1500s: Pirates, Explorers, Speculators
B. Fear of Monopoly by Spain and Portugal by mid-1500s
C. Protestant resentment and fear of Catholicism
1. Reformation (c. 1517-1540)
2. Formation of Church of England (Anglican Church) by Henry VIII (1534)
3. Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
4. Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)
D. The Black Legend in English
1. Las Casas's Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552).
2. English versions: The Spanish Colonie (1583), Spanish cruelties and
tyrannies (1583), John Phillips's translation: The tears of the Indians being
an historical and true account of the cruel massacres and slaughters of
above twenty millions of innocent people, committed by the Spaniards in
the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica to the total destruction of those
countries. Written in Spanish by Casaus, an eye-witness of those things;
and made English by J.P. (1656).
Phillips's intro:
Reader: 221-23
3. John Eliot ("Apostle to the Indians"), dedication to his translation of the
Bible into Algonquin (1661): (image)(text)
4. Illustrations of the Black Legend
a. Spanish (Fernando de Soto) Torturing and Butchering Indians
because they refused to tell him where they had gotten their gold
(image)
b. Spanish setting their dogs on the Indians (image)
c. Spanish abusing Indian slaves (image)
d. Spanish massacre at Cuzco (image)
e. Indians take revenge on Spanish priest (image)
f. Indians commit suicide in despair after Spanish atrocities (image)
(NB: all of these images including that of the Indians pouring gold down
the Spaniard's throat are by Theodore de Bry (1528-98) from his Historia
Americae (1590-1638). Except for the image of the massacre at Cuzco, all
of these images were published as illustrations for de Bry's edition of
Girolamo Benzoni's La Historia del mondo novo (1565).
E. Economic and Social Mobility
John Smith, A Description of New England (1616) (text)
V. British Contact and Settlement: Early Colonies
A. Jamestown, Virginia--1607 (following Roanoke Island in 1580s)
1. Powhatan (Wahunsonacock), head of Powhatan confederacy
2. Pocahontas (Matowaka) and John Rolfe
B. Plymouth (1620)--"Separatists"
1. About 100 original "Pilgrims" on the Mayflower
2. William Bradford
3. Samoset and Squanto
4. Thomas Morton
C. Massachusetts Bay (1630)--over 1,000 early colonists on eleven ships:
"Puritans" (seal)
1. John Cotton
2. John Winthrop (portrait)(text)
3. Summary of Winthrop's argument for colonization
a. We were invited by the natives.
b. There is plenty of room because God emptied the land for us.
c. The Indians have not improved the land beyond a state of nature.
d. We will create an example to the world: a City on a Hill
VI. Who Were the Puritans? (background article)
A. The Church of England (Anglican Church) and pressure to conform
B. Successful middle-class businessmen, successful politicians in Parliament
until Charles I took over in 1625, married a Catholic French princess, and refused
to call Parliament into session; civil and religious repression
C. Exile in Holland
D. Rise to Power in America : Emigration 1620/1630 and quasi-theocracy
(E. Rise to Power in England, 1640-1660: the English Civil War ["Puritan
Revolution"] in England; beheading of Charles I in 1646; Oliver Cromwell and the
Protectorate; Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, and Puritans banished from
the Church of England)
F. Decline of Power in America
VII. What Did They Believe?
A. The Reformation
1. Martin Luther: the doctrine of personal salvation (c. 1517)
2. John Calvin-- Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536): Bibliocentric
theology
B. Calvinism and the Theology of Colonization
1. predestination ("providence")
2. election: saved vs. damned, regenerate vs. "reprobate"
3. covenant
4. typology
VIII. Departure for America: John Cotton and God's Promise
A. Who was John Cotton?
B. The context of his sermon
C. Form of the Puritan sermon
D. The case for colonization
E. Responsibilities of the colonists
IX. Arrival: John Winthrop and the Religious Foundations of Civil Government
A. Who was John Winthrop?
B. The context of his sermon
C. The "double law"
D. A government "both civil and ecclesiasticall"
E. The City on a Hill
X. Noble and Ignoble Savages in New England: A British Reprise of the Spanish Debate
A. Bradford and the history "Of Plymouth Plantation"
1. Who was William Bradford?
2. Sacred history vs. secular history: typology in America
3. Mayflower Compact
4. Compact with the Wampanoags
5. Wampumpeag and the threat of corruption
6. The "Lord of Misrule" and the maypole of Merry-mount
B. Thomas Morton and the "New English Canaan"
1. Who was Thomas Morton?
2. The "New Canaan"
3. The Noble Savage in New England
4. The "Separatists"
5. Morton as hybrid