*MARIEB TEXTBOOK “SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS” and “AT THE CLINIC” Page 191
 Short Answer Essays: #’s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1) The major function of muscle is to produce movement. Muscle tissue also generates heat, stabilizes
joints, and maintains posture. *157 - 158
2) Skeletal muscle is attached to bone. It is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary.
Cardiac muscle is located in the heart. It is striated, mostly uninucleated, and involuntary.
Smooth muscle lines the internal organs. It is unstriated, uninucleated, and involuntary. *155 - 157
3) Alternating thin (actin) protein filaments and thick (myosin) protein filaments give the muscle cell as
a whole its striped/banded appearance. *158
4) Fascia is the connective tissue that covers and separates the muscle.
This connective tissue protects the skeletal muscles from ripping apart as they exert force.
The finest/most delicate connective tissue covering is the endomysium.
Endo means inside and the endomysium surrounds each muscle cell inside of the muscle.
Peri means around and the perimysium is around each fascicle (each bundle of muscle cells)
Epi means on/upon and the epimysium covers the entire skeletal muscle. *156
5) The function of tendons is to connect muscle to bone.
An aponeurosis is a tendon-like sheet that connects the muscle to bone.
Both attach muscle to bone. But an aponeurosis is a much thinner, more delicate connection and
tendons are strong cord-like attachments. *156
 Short Answer Essays: #’s 16, 17, 18 , 19
16) The prime mover of elbow (forearm) flexion is the biceps brachii. The antagonist of this muscle is
the triceps brachii which extends the forearm. *178
17) The arrangement of the abdominal muscles from the most superficial to deep is the external
oblique, the rectus abdominis, and the transverses abdominis. They are well suited for their job because
each of these muscles has a different direction of the muscle fibers. The external oblique striations run
at a diagonal, the rectus abdominis striations run up and down (parallel to the midline) and the
transverses abdominis run horizontally across the abdomen. *176 - 177
18) The quadriceps muscles extend the knee (as in kicking a football) and the hamstring muscles flex the
leg at the knee joint. *181
19) The two-bellied muscle that makes up the calf region of the leg is the gastrocnemius. The function
of this muscle is plantarflexion of the foot (standing on the toes). *181
 At the Clinic: #’s 1, 2, 3
1) Three muscles that are used as sites of intramuscular injections are the vastus lateralis muscle of the
quadriceps group (which is most often used in babies due to the poorly developed gluteus muscles), as
well as the gluteus medius, and the deltoid muscle.
*177, 179, 180
2) If a gap was visible between the swollen calf (gastrocnemius muscle) and the heel, it is most likely
that the Achilles tendon which attaches the muscle to the heel bone has been injured. *181
3) The muscles that would be temporarily “out of business” by the sling would be the deltoid (shoulder
muscle) as well as the pectoralis major, triceps brachii and the biceps brachii. *177